Vectors, Oblique Triangles

Ch-7.6,15
Fatima Hussain
 Polar, Rectangular and Vector Form
▪ Definitions
▪ Every complex number is made up of one real number and one
complex number
▪ Complex number is written in the form Imaginary
axis
4
where (real numbers)
and
3
▪ This number representation is called rectangular form. 3 Vector
2
▪ The complex number plane
▪ Horizontal axis represents the real number. 1

▪ Vertical axis represents the imaginary number. -4 -3 -2 -1 0

0
1 2 3 4

Real
▪ Complex numbers in vector form -1 axis
▪ Tails of vectors at origin
-2
▪ Heads are at the coordinate
is called Absolute value
▪ Polar form for complex number is representedisas:
called the argument
 Vector Representation Imaginary a
▪ Vector forms a right triangle with the real axis.
Vector
▪ Parts of the right triangle:
▪ Real value is the length of the base. 𝑏
▪ Imaginary value is the length of the altitude.
▪ Vector is the hypotenuse 𝜽 Real

▪ Hypotenuse forms angle with triangle base 𝑎

▪ Calculating the triangle
▪ Length of the vector is calculated using Pythagorean
theorem 𝑏
opposite

▪ Value of angle is calculated using trigonometric function 𝜽

▪ Since is adjacent side and is opposite side 𝑎
adjacent
ϴ=
 Vector Form Examples
3+𝑖 2 =3.6
▪ Complex Number
▪ Draw vector and triangle
𝑟
▪ Calculate 2
▪ Calculate 𝜃
ϴ= 3
▪ In vector form 3.6
 Note that vector form is sometimes called polar form or phasor notation. 3+𝑖 4 =5
𝑟
4
ϴ= 𝜃
3
ϴ= 3
 But point is in 4th quadrant, and is measured counter clockwise from the real axis 𝜃
 So, must add the calculated angle to
ϴ 3 −𝑖 4 =5 −4
𝑟
ϴ=
 But point is in 3rd quadrant,
−3 𝜃
 So, must add the calculated angle to
ϴ −4 −3 − 𝑖4 =5
 Vector to Rectangular Form Conversion
• Convert from vector form , substitute into the following: Vector

hypotenuse
▪ Why? 𝑏
▪ Trigonometric functions in the triangle : opposite
or
𝜽
𝑎
or a adjacent
▪ So a complex number can be written as:
𝑟𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜃
 is the complex vector and is the argument
▪ Example: Convert to the form: 𝜽
𝑟𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝜃
and
and
3
Complex number is 𝟑𝟎
5.2
 Graphing Vector Forms of
Complex Numbers Imaginary
axis
▪ Graph a complex number in Cartesian coordinate system by
knowing its real (horizontal) value and imaginary (vertical) 4 + i3
-3 + 3i 4
value.
▪ Horizontal Real Axis
2i 3
▪ Vertical Imaginary Axis
▪ Convert using Cos for real value 2

▪ Convert using Sin for imaginary value 1

3.14

-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
0
Vector Real Value Imaginary
Form Value Real
0 – i2 -1
axis
a) 5cos37° = 4 5sin37° = 3
-2
b) 4.24cos135° = -3 4.24sin135° = 3
c) 3.14cos0° = 3.14 3.14sin0° = 0
d) 2cos90° = 0 2sin90° = 2
e) 2cos270° = 0 2sin270° = -2
EXAMPLE
The vector V shown below has a resultant magnitude of 248 units
and makes an angle of 38.20 with the x axis. Find the Hx (horizontal)
and Vy (vertical) rectangular components.

0 Vy
sin 38.2 =  (248Polar
Form38.20 )
248 resultant
R=248 Vertical

0 (V )

V y  248(sin 38.2 )  153 0

=38.20
y = 153

V  (153  90 )
y Horizontal
(H )
x = 195
0 Hx
cos 38.2 =
248

H x  248(cos 38.20 )  195 0

A N S : V = (1 9 5 , 1 5 3 )R e c tan g u la r F o rm
H  (195  0 )
x
 Example
A cable exerts a force of 558 N at an angle of 47.20 with the horizontal. Resolve
this force into the vertical (Vy) and horizontal components (Hx).

Vy V  (55847.20 )
sin 47.20 =
Polar Form
resultant
Vertical

558
R=558 N
(V )
y = 409 N

V y  588(sin 47.20 )  409 N 0

Horizontal

V  ( 409  90 ) (H )
y x = 379 N

0 Hx
cos 47.2 =
558
0
H x  558(cos 47.2 )  379 N ANS : H x = (379  0 0 )
V y = (409  90 0 )
0
H  (379  0 )
x
Polar Form
Vector Diagrams (Resultant Vector)

If we draw two vectors tip to tail, the resultant R will be the vector that The parallelogram method will give the same result. To add the same two vectors A
will complete the triangle when drawn from the tail of the first vector to and B as before, we first draw the given vectors tail to tail and complete a
the tip of the second vector. It does not matter whether vector A or vector B parallelogram by drawing lines from the tips of the given vectors, parallel to the
is drawn first; The same resultant will be obtained either way. given vectors. The resultant R is then the diagonal of the parallelogram drawn from
the intersections of the tails of the original vectors.
 Resultant of Perpendicular Vectors
Find the resultant (vector V) of two perpendicular vectors whose magnitudes are 627 (Hx) and
485 (Vy). Also, find the angle that it makes with the 627 magnitude vector.

V  (79337.70 )
Polar Form

2 2 2
R  ( H x )  (V y )
resultant
Vertical (V ) =
2 2 793 =

R  (627)  (485)  793 485

y

= 37.70

485
tan  = = 0.774
Horizontal (H ) =
x

627
627

tan 1 0.774  
(arctan 0.774)

  37.70 A N S : V = (7 9 3P 3 7
o lar F orm
.7 0
)
 Resultant of Non-perpendicular Vectors
Find the resultant (vector R) of the three vectors
6.3429.50 , 4.8247.20 and 5.5273.00 R  (15.848.80 )
Polar Form

Vertical (R )
y

Rx components Ry components
6.34 cos 29.5° = 5.52 6.34 sin 29.5° = 3.12
4.82 cos 47.2° = 3.27 4.82 sin 47.2° = 3.54
5.52 cos 73.0° = 1.61 5.52 sin 73.0° = 5.28 Horizontal

(R )

Sums: Rx = 10.4 Sums: Ry = 11.9 x

Step 1: Resolve each given vector into their R and R components then add up the total R and
x y x
R values.
y

Step 2: Convert the Rectangular components R=(10.4, 11.9) into their equivalent

Polar Form.

A N S : R = (1 5 .8P o larF o4rm8 .8 0 )

0
R = (10.4, 11.9)
Rectangular Form
 (15.8  48.8
Polar Form
)
 Two vectors, A and B, make an angle of 47.20 with each other. If their magnitudes are A = 125 and B = 146, find
the magnitude of the resultant R and the angle Ф1 that R makes with vector B.

Law of Cosines

   
2 2 2 
R  A  B  2 A B  cos3
Ф
2

2 2 2 
248
Ф
R  (125)  (146)  2(125)(14 6)  cos132 .8 3
132.80
2 125

R  15 625  21 316  36 500  (0.6794)

21.70
Ф
1
2 47.20
R  61 739.1 146


R  61 739.1  248

Law of Sines   Supplementary Angle

 
A R (125)sin132.8 3  180  47.2  132.8
  sin 1   0.3698
sin 1 sin R 248 

ANS: R  248
125 248 1  21.7
 1 =21.70
sin 1 sin132.8
 Vector A has a magnitude of 125 at an angle of 77.20 and Vector
B has a magnitude of 146 at an angle of 30.00 . Find the
magnitude of the resultant and the angle that R makes with the x
axis.

Polar to Rectangular Conversions

(12577.20 ) x  125cos 77.20  27.6935622
y  125sin 77.20  121.8936693
Vector addition and subtraction are best done in
Rectangular Form so we convert all of our Polar
 (146300 ) x 146cos30.00  126.439709
y  146sin 30.00  7.3
Coordinates into Rectangular Components using
basic trigonometry or directly on our calculator.

(27.6935622, 121.8936693) x and y rectangular components (Vector A)

 (126.439709, 73.0) x and y rectangular components (Vector B)

Add up the total x-components and total
154.1332712, 194.8936693 y-components. This represents our
Resulting Vector in Rectangular Form.

Convert your final answer back into

0
 (248.4851.66 ) Polar Form using basic trigonometry
or directly on your calculator.
y 194.9 
r  154.12  194.92  61732.82  248.46   tan 1    tan 1    51.66
0
x
   154.1 
ANS: (24851.70 )
Find the resultant R of the four vectors.

A  42.058.00 , B = 56.11480 , C = 52.72320 and D = 45.32910

Vector R Components R Components
x y

A 42.0 cos 58.0° = 22.3 42.0 sin 58.0° = 35.6 B 56.1 cos 148° = -47.6 56.1 sin

148° = 29.7 C 52.7 cos 232° = -32.4 52.7 sin 232° = -41.5 D + 45.3 cos 291° = 16.2

+ 45.3 sin 291° = -42.3 R R = -41.5 R = -18.5

x y

Step 1: Resolve each given vector into their R and R rectangular components using x = V cosθ and y = V sinθ. Then,
x y
add up the total R and R values giving the resulting vector R in rectangular form.
x y
Find the resultant R of the four vectors

A  42.058.00 , B = 56.11480 , C = 52.72320 and D = 45.32910

Vector R Components R Components
x y

A 42.0 cos 58.0° = 22.3 42.0 sin 58.0° = 35.6 B 56.1 cos 148° = -47.6 56.1 sin
Horizontal Component
148° = 29.7 C 52.7 cos 232° = -32.4 52.7 sin 232° = -41.5 D + 45.3 cos 291° = 16.2

+ 45.3 sin 291° = -42.3 R R = -41.5 R = -18.5

x y

Vertical Component

R  (41.5, 18.5)
Rectangular Form

Step 1: Resolve each given vector into their R and R rectangular components using x = V cosθ and y = V sinθ. Then,
x y
add up the total R and R values giving the resulting vector R in rectangular form. R  (45.42040 )
Polar Form
x y

ANS :
Step 2: Convert the Horizontal and Vertical rectangular components R = (- Ry
41.5, -18.5) into their equivalent polar form.  = arctan R = (45.4  204 0 )
Rx Polar Form

R 2 = (-41.5) 2 + (-18.5) 2 = 2065 18.5

 = arctan = 2040
41.5
R = 45.4
RECT (41.5, 18.5)  POL(45.42040 )
 Example (Impedance Vectors)
The capacitive reactance (XC) of a certain circuit is 2720 Ω, the inductive reactance (XL) is 3260
Ω and the resistance is 1150 Ω. Find the overall reactance (X), magnitude (Z), phase angle (Ф)
and impedance (Z).

Z  (1270 25.20 )
Z 2  ( R)2  ( X )2
Polar Form

= 1270 Ω
Vertical
= 3260 - 2720

Z  (1150) 2  (540) 2  1270 

= 540 Ω
= 25.20

= 1150 Ω
Horizontal

540
tan  = = 0.470
1150
tan 1 0.470  
(arctan 0.470)

  25.2 0 A N S : Z = (1 2 7P o0larF o rm2 5 .2 0 )

Oblique Triangles
oblique triangles – triangles
that have no right angles.
As standard notation, the
angles of a triangle are labeled A, B, and C, and their opposite
sides are labeled a, b, and c.
To solve an oblique triangle, we need to know the measure of at
least one side and any two other measures of the triangle—
either two sides, two angles, or one angle and one side.
Cont..
This breaks down into the following four cases:

1. Two angles and any side (AAS or ASA)

2. Two sides and an angle opposite one of them (SSA)
(Ambiguous case)

3. Three sides (SSS)

4. Two sides and their included angle (SAS)

The first two cases can be solved using the Law of Sines, whereas
the last two cases require the Law of Cosines.
Cont..

The Law of Sines can also be written in the reciprocal form: .

Given Two Angles and One Side – AAS

For the triangle below C = 102, B = 29, and b = 28 feet. Find the
remaining angle and sides.
Example AAS - Solution

The third angle of the triangle is

A = 180 – B – C
= 180 – 29 – 102
= 49.
By the Law of Sines, you have

.
Example AAS – Solution cont’d

Using b = 28 produces

and
 THE LAW OF SINES
Use the Law of Sines when the information marked in red
is given. a b c
Law of S ine : = =
sin A sin B sin C

ASA AAS SSA

2 angles and any 2 angles and any side 2 sides and a nonincluded
side angle (ambiguous case)
If the known parts of the triangle are ASA, AAS,
or SSA, use the Law of Sines. The known parts
are shown in red in the triangles above.
▪ Solve triangle ABC where
 A = 32.50, B = 49.70 and a =
226.
Sum of Angles

C  180  32.5  49.7  97.8

97.80

Law of Sines = 321

a b

sin A sin B

226 b (226)sin 49.7

 b 
 321
sin 32.5 sin 49.7

sin 32.5
▪ Solve triangle ABC where
 A = 32.50, B = 49.70 and a =
226.
Sum of Angles
   
C  180  32.5  49.7  97.8
= 417

97.80

Law of Sines = 321

a c

sin A sin C

226 c (226)sin 97.8

 c 
 417
sin 32.5 sin 97.8

sin 32.5
ANS: C =97.80
b=321 c =417
Ambiguous Case

When the given information is SSA, there are three

possibilities.

1) (1 triangle) - There is only one triangle possible for

the given information.
2) (2 triangles) - There are 2 triangles possible for the
given information.
3) (no triangles) - There is not a triangle possible for the
given information.
The Ambiguous Case
 Example 2: Solve the triangle: a = 6, b = 8 , A = 35⁰. Round all
answers to the nearest tenth.

B Solution: The information gives a SSA

c 6 triangle. Use the Law of Sine. This is
the ambiguous case. There may be 0,
A
35⁰
C 1, or 2 solutions.
8

a b 6 8
 
sin A sin B 
sin35 sin B
B = 49.9⁰ or maybe B =180⁰ - 49.9⁰ = 130.1⁰
Since 130.1⁰ will work in this triangle, there are 2 possible
solutions for this problem. (continued)
Case 1: B1 ≈ 49.9⁰. Then C1 = 180⁰ - 35⁰ - 49.9 ≈ 95.1⁰

6 c1
 c1 ≈ 10.419
sin35 sin 95.1


Case 2: B2 ≈ 130.1⁰. Then C2 = 180⁰ - 35⁰ - 130.1⁰ ≈ 14.9⁰

6 c2
 c2 ≈ 2.69
sin35 sin14.9


Triangle 1: Or Triangle 2:
B = 49.9, C = 95.1⁰ c ≈ 10.4 B = 130.1⁰ , C = 14.9⁰, c = 2.7
Another way to check for the ambiguous case is to make a sketch.

Two sets of solutions

C=43 , B=109.4, a=112, b=228, c=165

C=137, B=15.4, a=112, b=64.2, c=165

Single-Solution Case—SSA

▪ For the triangle below, a = 22 inches, b = 12 inches, and A = 42. Find

the remaining side and angles.

One solution: a  b
Solution SSA

By the Law of Sines, you have

sin B sin A Reciprocal form

b a

( sina A)
sin B  b Multiply each side by b.

sin B  12 ( sin2242 ) Substitute for A, a, and b.

B  21.41o B is acute.
Cont.…
Now, you can determine that
C  180 – 42 – 21.41
= 116.59.
c a

Then, the remaining side is sin C sin A

a 22  29.40 inches
c sin C c sin(116 .59)
sin A sin( 42)
▪ Solve triangle ABC where
 A = 35.20, a = 525 and c = 412.

Sum of Angles
Not enough information 26.90

Law of Sines

a c

sin A sin C

525 412 (412)sin 35.2


 sin C   0.4524
sin 35.2 sin C 525
C  26.9
Law of Sines vs Law of Cosines

NOTE: We use the law of sines when we have a known side opposite a known
angle. We use the law of cosines only when the law of sines does not work, that
is, for all other cases. In the figures shown, the heavy lines indicate the known
information and might help in choosing the proper law.
 Solve triangle ABC where a = 184, b = 125 and C = 27.20.
Law of Cosines
c 2  a 2  b 2  2ab  cos C 38.10

= 92.6
2 2 2 
c  (184)  (125)  2(184)(125)  cos 27.2
c 2  33 856  15 625  46 000  (0.8894)
114.70

c 2  8 568.6 BLANK

Law of Sines c  8 568.6  92.6 Sum of Angles

b c (125)sin 27.2 A  180  27.2  38.1

 sin B   0.617
sin B sin C 92.6 A  114.7
(Acute Angle)
B  38.1
125 92.6 ANS:  A =114.7 0

sin B sin 27.2 c =92.6  B =38.10
 ▪ Solve triangle ABC, where a = 128, b = 146 and c = 222.
Law of Cosines
a 2  b2  c2
108.10

cos C  33.20
(Largest Angle) 2ab
38.70

(128) 2  (146) 2  (222) 2

cos C 
2(128)(146) BLANK

11 584 Sum of Angles

cos C   0.3099 C  108.1
Law of Sines 37 376

a c (128)sin108.1 B  180  108.1  33.2

 sin A   0.5482
sin A sin C 222 B  38.7
A  33.2
128 222 ANS:  A =33.2 0

sin A sin108.1  B =38.7 0  C =108.10
From a point on level ground between two power poles of the same height, cables are stretched to the top of each pole. One cable is 52.6 m long, the
other is 67.5 m long, and the angle of intersection between the two poles is 1250 . Find the distance between the two poles.

Law of Cosines

c 2  a 2  b 2  2ab  cos
θ
2 2 2 
c  (52.6)  (67.5)  2(52.6)(67.5)  cos125.0

c 2  2766.76  4556.25  7101  ( 0.5736)

c 2  11396.1436

c  1136.992  106.7527 m ANS: 107 m

 An Application of the Law of Cosines

The pitcher’s mound on a women’s softball field is 43 feet

from home plate and the distance between the bases is
60 feet (The pitcher’s mound is not halfway between
home plate and second base.) How far is the pitcher’s
mound from first base?
Solution

In triangle HPF, H = 45 (line HP bisects the right angle at H), f = 43, and
p = 60.
Using the Law of Cosines for this SAS case, you have
h2 = f 2 + p2 – 2fp cos H
= 432 + 602 – 2(43)(60) cos 45
 1800.3.
So, the approximate distance from the pitcher’s mound to first base is

 42.43 feet.