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    Polarity of Molecules

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    Roldan Cawalo
    This document discusses the polarity of molecules. It begins by listing learning objectives about polar and nonpolar bonds, electronegativity, molecular shapes, and how polarity is affected. Key concepts are defined, like ionic and covalent bonds, electronegativity, and polar vs. nonpolar bonds based on electronegativity differences. Examples are provided to predict bond type. The document also discusses how molecular geometry, determined using VSEPR theory, contributes to overall molecular polarity along with bond polarity. Steps for predicting molecular shapes are outlined.

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    Polarity of Molecules

    Uploaded by

    Roldan Cawalo
    26 views27 pages
    This document discusses the polarity of molecules. It begins by listing learning objectives about polar and nonpolar bonds, electronegativity, molecular shapes, and how polarity is affected. Key concepts are defined, like ionic and covalent bonds, electronegativity, and polar vs. nonpolar bonds based on electronegativity differences. Examples are provided to predict bond type. The document also discusses how molecular geometry, determined using VSEPR theory, contributes to overall molecular polarity along with bond polarity. Steps for predicting molecular shapes are outlined.

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    This document discusses the polarity of molecules. It begins by listing learning objectives about polar and nonpolar bonds, electronegativity, molecular shapes, and how polarity is affected. Key concepts are defined, like ionic and covalent bonds, electronegativity, and polar vs. nonpolar bonds based on electronegativity differences. Examples are provided to predict bond type. The document also discusses how molecular geometry, determined using VSEPR theory, contributes to overall molecular polarity along with bond polarity. Steps for predicting molecular shapes are outlined.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    26 views27 pages

    Polarity of Molecules

    Uploaded by

    Roldan Cawalo
    This document discusses the polarity of molecules. It begins by listing learning objectives about polar and nonpolar bonds, electronegativity, molecular shapes, and how polarity is affected. Key concepts are defined, like ionic and covalent bonds, electronegativity, and polar vs. nonpolar bonds based on electronegativity differences. Examples are provided to predict bond type. The document also discusses how molecular geometry, determined using VSEPR theory, contributes to overall molecular polarity along with bond polarity. Steps for predicting molecular shapes are outlined.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 27

    Polarity of Molecules

    3/8/2023
    Learning Objectives:
    After going through this module, you are expected to:
    1. differentiate polar and nonpolar bonds;
    2. determine the polarity of chemical bonds between
    atoms using the concept of electronegativity;
    3. familiarize with the different molecular shapes;
    4. explain how polarity of bonds and molecular
    geometry affects the polarity of molecules.
    Recall
    • You learned that atoms combine to form molecules or
    compounds thus making them more stable by achieving a
    stable configuration satisfying the Octet Rule.
    • You learned about chemical bonds or intramolecular forces
    and its three types such as ionic, covalent and metallic and
    the writing of Lewis dot symbol.
    • You have learned the concepts of electronegativity and you
    were briefly introduced to the topic polarity of molecules
    using the electronegativity values.
    Activity 1:
    Write the Lewis Dot Structure and tell whether the compound below is
    an ionic compound (IC) or covalent compound (CC) based on the
    type of chemical bond present for each compound.
    1. NaCl 6. N2O
    2. CO2 7. PCl5
    3. CaCl2 8.KBr
    4. CCl4 9. HCl
    5. Fe2O3 10.AlCl3
    Ionic Bond since a transfer of electron occurred.
    Therefore, NaCl is an Ionic Compound
    Activity 1:

    • NaCl, CaCl2, Fe2O3,KBr, and AlCl3 are all ionic


    compound
    • CO2, CCl4, N2O, PCl5 and HCl are covalent
    compounds
    Activity 2:
    Determine the 6. K 14.N
    electronegativity of 7. Ca 15.O
    each atom.
    8. Sc 16.Ta
    1. H 9. Ti 17.W
    2. Li 10.V 18.Ra
    3. Be 11.Cr 19.Hg
    4. Na 12.B 20.Pb
    5. Mg
    13.C
    Polarity of Bonds and Electronegativity
    • Electronegativity (EN) measures the relative
    tendency of an atom to attract electrons to itself
    when chemically combined with another atom.
    • The higher the value of EN, the more it tends to
    attract electron towards itself.
    Pauling Electronegativity values of some elements
    Type of bond based on electronegativity
    difference (∆EN) of bonded atoms
    Example 1:
    Predict what type of bond is present between the following
    pairs of atoms by determining their electronegativity
    difference.
    1. Ca and Cl
    Solution:
    ENCa = 1.0
    ENCl = 3.0
    (∆EN) = 1.0 – 3.0 = │-2.0│= 2.0 → ionic bond
    Example 2:
    2. Cl and Cl
    Solution:
    ENCl = 3.0
    ENCl = 3.0
    (∆EN) = 3.0 – 3.0 = 0 → Non Polar Covalent bond
    Practice Activity

    Predict what type of bond is present


    between the following pairs of atoms by
    determining their electronegativity
    difference.
    1.H and Cl
    2.S and O
    3.C and N
    1. ENH = 2.1 (∆EN) = 2.1 – 3.0 = │-0.9│= 0.9
    ENCl= 3.0
    *polar covalent bond
    2. ENS= 2.5 (∆EN) = 2.5 – 3.5 = │-1.0│= 1.0
    ENO = 3.5
    * polar covalent bond
    3. ENC= 2.5 (∆EN) = 2.5 – 3.0 = │-0.5│= 0.5
    ENN = 3.0
    * polar covalent bond
    Points to remember
    • A polar covalent bond is formed when electrons are shared
    unequally by two atoms in a compound.
    • The bonded pair of atoms form an electric dipole.
    • Dipole means “two poles” which means that a molecule has
    one positive end and one negative end.
    • In this type of bond, the atom with the higher EN value
    becomes the partial negative pole (symbolized as ẟ-) while
    the atom with the lower EN value becomes the partially
    positive (symbolized as ẟ+) pole.
    •A nonpolar covalent bond develops if both
    atoms equally share a pair of electrons
    between them.
    •This occurs when the bonding atoms have
    approximately equal EN value or equal ability
    to attract electrons to each side.
    •Nonpolar covalent bond is an example of bond
    formed when two chlorine atoms combine.
    1. What is the Octet Rule?
    2. Illustrate/give at least 5 examples of compounds satisfying the Octet Rule?
    3. What is a valence electron?
    4. Find the number of valence electrons for each element.
    a. Li
    b. Be
    c. Na
    d. Mg
    e. K
    f. Ca
    g. Sc
    h. Ti
    i. V
    j. B
    k. C
    l. N
    m. O
    n. F
    o. Ne
    p. Al
    q. P
    r. S
    s. Cl
    t. Ar
    Polarity of Molecules and Molecular Geometry
    • For polyatomic molecules, both the bond
    polarity and molecular shape determine the
    overall molecular polarity.
    • In terms of molecular geometry, the valence
    shell electron pair repulsion (VSEPR) theory
    would help us to determine the spatial
    arrangement of atoms in a polyatomic
    molecule.
    Steps in predicting the shape or molecular
    geometry of a substance:
    Step 1: Determine the central atom of a molecule. The
    central atom is the least electronegative element.
    Step 2: Draw the appropriate Lewis dot structure for
    the molecule.
    Step 3: Count the number of bonding pairs of
    electrons and non-bonding (or lone pairs) around the
    central atom.
    Steps in predicting the shape or molecular
    geometry of a substance:
    Step 4: Determine the electron pair
    orientation using the total number of electron
    pairs.
    Step 5: Name the shape of based on the
    location of the atoms
    Molecular Shapes
    Example 1:
    1. Predict the molecular geometry of
    BCl3

    Step 1: ENB = 2.0 ENCl= 3.0 therefore, B


    will be the central atom and three Cl
    atoms are attached to it.
    Step 2
    Step 3:
    The central atom has three electron pairs:
    3 bonded pairs and no lone pair.
    Step 4:
    The electron pair orientation for three
    electrons is trigonal planar.
    Step 5:

    The molecular shape of BCl3 is trigonal planar.

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