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    Principles of Neural and Hormonal Communication

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    Pam Stuck Rhoades
    - The document discusses the principles of neural and hormonal communication, focusing on membrane potentials, neuron communication, and synapses. - It explains that membrane potentials exist due to concentration differences across the membrane and are determined by the weighted average of ion permeability. Action potentials are brief changes in membrane potential driven by sodium and potassium ion flux. - Action potentials propagate through contiguous or saltatory conduction and are used for long-distance signaling, while graded potentials serve as short-distance signals. Synaptic transmission involves the release and binding of neurotransmitters to cause changes in the postsynaptic membrane potential.

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    Principles of Neural and Hormonal Communication

    Uploaded by

    Pam Stuck Rhoades
    23 views75 pages
    - The document discusses the principles of neural and hormonal communication, focusing on membrane potentials, neuron communication, and synapses. - It explains that membrane potentials exist due to concentration differences across the membrane and are determined by the weighted average of ion permeability. Action potentials are brief changes in membrane potential driven by sodium and potassium ion flux. - Action potentials propagate through contiguous or saltatory conduction and are used for long-distance signaling, while graded potentials serve as short-distance signals. Synaptic transmission involves the release and binding of neurotransmitters to cause changes in the postsynaptic membrane potential.

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    - The document discusses the principles of neural and hormonal communication, focusing on membrane potentials, neuron communication, and synapses. - It explains that membrane potentials exist due to concentration differences across the membrane and are determined by the weighted average of ion permeability. Action potentials are brief changes in membrane potential driven by sodium and potassium ion flux. - Action potentials propagate through contiguous or saltatory conduction and are used for long-distance signaling, while graded potentials serve as short-distance signals. Synaptic transmission involves the release and binding of neurotransmitters to cause changes in the postsynaptic membrane potential.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    23 views75 pages

    Principles of Neural and Hormonal Communication

    Uploaded by

    Pam Stuck Rhoades
    - The document discusses the principles of neural and hormonal communication, focusing on membrane potentials, neuron communication, and synapses. - It explains that membrane potentials exist due to concentration differences across the membrane and are determined by the weighted average of ion permeability. Action potentials are brief changes in membrane potential driven by sodium and potassium ion flux. - Action potentials propagate through contiguous or saltatory conduction and are used for long-distance signaling, while graded potentials serve as short-distance signals. Synaptic transmission involves the release and binding of neurotransmitters to cause changes in the postsynaptic membrane potential.

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    You are on page 1of 75

    PRINCIPLES OF NEURAL AND

    HORMONAL COMMUNICATION
    Chapter 4
    Review - Membrane Potential
    Remember, neurons have a resting
    membrane potential of -70mV
    Review – Membrane Potential Summary
    • Membrane potentials exist because of concentration differences across the membrane
    Review – Membrane Potential Summary
    • Membrane potentials exist because of concentration differences across the membrane
    • It is true that the major determinant of resting potential is, in general, potassium
    Review – Membrane Potential Summary
    • Membrane potentials exist because of concentration differences across the membrane
    • It is true that the major determinant of resting potential is, in general, potassium
    • Although potassium is the determining factor for resting potential, the actual resting
    potential will not equal the potential of potassium because of the permeability of other
    ions
    Review – Membrane Potential Summary
    • Membrane potentials exist because of concentration differences across the membrane
    • It is true that the major determinant of resting potential is, in general, potassium
    • Although potassium is the determining factor for resting potential, the actual resting
    potential will not equal the potential of potassium because of the permeability of other
    ions
    • The magnitude of the resting potential of membrane is determined by the weighted
    average of the ions
    Review – Membrane Potential Summary
    • Membrane potentials exist because of concentration differences across the membrane
    • It is true that the major determinant of resting potential is, in general, potassium
    • Although potassium is the determining factor for resting potential, the actual resting
    potential will not equal the potential of potassium because of the permeability of other
    ions
    • The magnitude of the resting potential of membrane is determined by the weighted
    average of the ions
    • Resting potential is a metabolic process
    Introduction
    There are two major regulatory systems of the body that ensure survival:

    1) Nervous system
    2) Endocrine system
    Introduction
    There are two major regulatory systems of the body that ensure survival:

    1) Nervous system
    2) Endocrine system
    Neurons
    Introduction
    Properties of nervous and muscle tissues

    • Excitable tissues
    • Excitability: The ability of neurons (and muscles) to change their membrane
    potentials
    • Can change their resting potentials into electrical signals

    • Remember, neurons have a resting membrane potential of -70mV


    How neurons communicate
    How Neurons Communicate
    Changes in Membrane Potential
    Polarization: Any state when the membrane potential is not 0mV

    Depolarization: Membrane becomes less polarized than resting potential

    Repolarization: Membrane returns to resting potential after having been


    depolarized

    Hyperpolarization: Membrane becomes more polarized than at resting potential


    Changes in Membrane Potential
    Depolarization: Occurs when positive ions enter the cell (typically Na+)

    Hyperpolarization: Occurs when positive ions leave the cell (usually K+)
    Changes in Membrane Potential
    There are two kinds of potential change:

    1) Graded Potentials: Serve as short-distance signals

    2) Action Potentials: Serve as long-distance signals


    Graded Potentials vs. Action Potentials

    Action Potentials

    Graded Potentials
    Graded Potentials
    Properties of graded potentials include:

    • Occurs in a small, specialized region of excitable cell membranes


    • Magnitude of graded potentials varies directly with the magnitude of the
    triggering event
    • Spread by passive current flow
    Graded Potentials
    Graded Potentials
    Action Potentials
    Properties of action potentials include:

    • Brief, rapid reversals of membrane potential


    • Spread by local current flow and are non-decremental (Do not decrease in
    strength as they travel from their site of initiation)
    • All-or-nothing events
    How do action potentials work?
    Action Potentials
    Action potentials are driven by the influx and efflux of sodium and potassium
    Action Potentials – Potassium
    There are two types of K+ channels in
    neurons:

    1) Leaky potassium channels


    2) Voltage-gated potassium channels
    Action Potentials – Sodium
    There is only 1 type of Na+ channel in
    neurons:

    1) Voltage-gated sodium channels


    Action Potentials – Sodium
    Voltage-gated sodium channels exist in 3
    different states:

    1) Closed, able to open


    2) Open, “activated”
    3) Closed, unable to open
    Action Potentials
    Action Potentials – Step 1
    1) At resting potential (-70mV) all
    voltage-gated channels are closed
    Action Potentials – Step 2
    2a) If a stimulus occurs and causes a
    depolarization to -55mV (threshold
    potential), an action potential will happen

    2b)At threshold, voltage-gated sodium


    channels (Type 1) open (Type 2)
    Action Potentials – Step 3
    3) Sodium ions rapidly enter the cell,
    resulting in the rising phase of the action
    potential
    Action Potentials – Step 3
    Action Potentials – Step 4
    At +30mV, the action potential reaches its
    peak and two key events happen:

    4a) Voltage-gated sodium channels close


    and are inactivated (Type 3)

    4b) Voltage-gated potassium channels


    open
    Action Potentials – Step 5
    5) Potassium rapidly leaves the cell,
    causing repolarization and the falling
    phase of the action potential
    Action Potentials – Step 6
    At the end of the falling phase, two key
    events happen:

    6) Once repolarized to -70mv, voltage-


    gated sodium channels are reset to closed
    but capable of being opened (Type 1)
    Action Potentials – Step 7
    At the end of the falling phase, two key
    events happen:

    7) Voltage-gated potassium channels are


    slow to close, causing a hyperpolarization
    to -85mV
    Action Potentials – Step 8
    8) Once all voltage-gated potassium
    channels are closed, the sodium-
    potassium pump reestablishes the resting
    membrane potential
    Action Potentials
    Graded vs. Action Potentials
    Graded Potentials vs. Action Potentials

    Action Potentials

    Graded Potentials
    Action Potentials
    Refractory Periods
    Refractory Period: Occurs after an action potential when the neuron cannot become
    excited again

    There are two types of refractory periods:

    1) Absolute refractory period


    2) Relative refractory period
    Refractory Periods
    Propagation of Action Potentials
    Propagation of Action Potentials
    An action potential attenuates with
    distance and causes a local change in
    gradient, which causes the next action
    potential
    Propagation of Action Potentials
    There are two types of action potential propagation:

    1) Contiguous conduction
    2) Saltatory conduction
    Propagation of Action Potentials –
    Contiguous Conduction

    • Conduction in unmyelinated fibers


    • Action potential spreads along every
    portion of the membrane
    Propagation of Action Potentials –
    Saltatory Conduction

    Myelin: Primarily composed of lipids,


    insulates the axon at regular intervals
    to increase the rate of propagation
    Propagation of Action Potentials –
    Saltatory Conduction

    • Rapid conduction in myelinated fibers


    • Impulse “jumps” over sections of the
    fiber covered with insulating myelin
    Continuous vs. Saltatory Conduction
    • Continuous • Saltatory
    • No myelin • Myelin
    • Slower conduction • Faster conduction
    • Voltage-gated ion channels along • Voltage-gated ion channels only at
    length of axon Nodes of Ranvier
    • Uses more energy • Uses less energy
    Summary
    Multiple Sclerosis
    Video Links
    • Video 1
    • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mRhsqV2Xs6A

    • Video 2
    • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oa6rvUJlg7o
    SYNAPSES
    Neural Synapse
    Neural Synapse
    Types of Synapses
    • Axodendritic Synapses
    • Axosomatic Synapses
    • Axoaxonic Synapses
    Neural Synapse
    Neural Synapse – Step 1
    1) The action potential arrives, causing
    sodium to enter and depolarize the axon
    terminal
    Neural Synapse – Step 2
    2) The depolarization causes voltage-
    gated calcium channels to open, resulting
    in a large influx of Ca2+ ions entering the
    synaptic knob
    Neural Synapse – Step 3
    3) Calcium binds to a protein and causes
    the release of vesicles containing
    neurotransmitters through exocytosis
    Neural Synapse – Step 4
    4) Neurotransmitters cross the synaptic
    cleft and bind to receptors on the
    postsynaptic neuron
    Neural Synapse – Step 5
    5) This binding causes the activation of
    chemically-gated ion channels, resulting
    in changes to the membrane potential of
    the postsynaptic neuron
    Ligand-Gated Channels
    • Two types of receptors:
    • Ionotropic – ion channels
    open directly in response to
    receptor binding
    • Metabotropic – uses a second
    messenger to send a signal
    Neural Synapse – Presynaptic Neuron
    The amount of neurotransmitter released can be increased by

    1) Increasing the influx of calcium


    2) Increasing the number of of vesicles containing neurotransmitters
    Neural Synapse – Postsynaptic Neuron
    There are a few properties of postsynaptic neurons that dictate the reaction to a
    neurotransmitter:

    • Post-synaptic sites are located on the dendrites of neurons in the CNS


    • Dendrites do not contain voltage gated sodium channels, therefore changes in
    membrane potential on post-synaptic cells are graded
    Neural Synapse – Postsynaptic Neuron
    There are two types of graded changes in post-synaptic membrane potentials:

    1) Excitatory Post-Synaptic Potentials (EPSPs)


    2) Inhibitory Post-Synaptic Potentials (IPSPs)
    Neural Synapse – Postsynaptic Neuron
    Chemical Messengers
    There are four main types of chemical messengers:

    1) Paracrines
    2) Neurotransmitters*
    3) Hormones*
    4) Neurohormones
    Neurotransmitters
    There are 2 categories of neurotransmitters:

    1) Small molecules (classical)


    2) Peptides
    Neurotransmitters
    There are 10 classical neurotransmitters:

    1) Acetylcholine

    Amino Acids:
    2) Glutamate
    3) Aspirate
    4) GABA
    5) Glycine

    Amines:
    6) Dopamine
    7) Norepinephrine
    8) Epinephrine
    9) Serotonin
    10) Histamine
    Neurotransmitters
    Acetylcholine (ACh) is one of the most common neurotransmitter the body uses:

    • Skeletal muscles
    • Somatic motor neurons
    • Autonomic nervous system
    Neurotransmitters
    There are two main types of ACh receptors:

    1) Nicotinic: Found in specific regions of the brain, autonomic ganglia, and skeletal
    muscle cells

    2) Muscarinic: Found in smooth muscle cells, cardiac muscle cells, and specific
    glands

    *Whether a neurotransmitter is excitatory or inhibitory depends on the cell it is


    acting on

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