SOCIETY

TWO TYPES OF DEFINITION OF SOCIETY

◼ FUNCTIONAL DEFINITION
complex of groups in reciprocal relationships, interacting upon one another, enabling
human organisms to carry on their life-activities and helping each person to fulfill his
wishes and accomplish his interests in association with his fellows.

◼ STRUCTURAL DEFINITION
society is the total social heritage of folkways, mores and institutions; of habits,
sentiments and ideals. The important aspect of society is the system of relationships, the
pattern of the norms of interaction by which the members of the society maintain
themselves.
WHAT ARE THE
REASONS WHY
PEOPLE LIVE
TOGETHER?
THE FOLLOWING ARE REASONS PEOPLE LIVE TOGETHER AS A
SOCIETY (ARIOLA ,2012)

◼For survival
◼Feeling of gregariousness- This is the desire of people
to be with other people, especially of their own culture.
◼Specialization – Teachers, businessmen, students,
physicians, nurses, lawyers, pharmacists, and other
professionals organize themselves into societies or
associations to promote and protect their own profession.
CHARACTERISTICS OF
SOCIETY
 CHARACTERISTICS OF SOCIETY

1. It is a social system
2. It is relatively large
3. It socializes its members and from those from without
4. It endures, produces and sustains its members for
generations.
5. It holds its members through a common culture.
6. It has clearly-defined geographical territory.
MAJOR FUNCTIONS OF SOCIETY

◼ It provides a system of socialization.

◼ It provides the basic needs of its
members.
◼ It regulates and controls people’s
behavior.
◼ It provides the means of social
participation.
◼ It provides mutual support to the
members.
TYPES OF SOCIETIES,
(ARIOLA (2012) IN HIS
BOOK SOCIOLOGY AND
ANTHROPOLOGY WITH
FAMILY PLANNING)
 According to According to According to
Economic and Evolutionary View People’s
Material System Subsistence
 According to According to According to
Economic and Evolutionary View People’s
Material System Subsistence
According to Economic and According to Evolutionary View According to People’s
Material System Subsistence
According to Economic and According to Evolutionary View According to People’s
Material System Subsistence
According to Economic and Material According to Evolutionary View According to People’s Subsistence
System
 According to According to According to
Economic and Evolutionary View People’s
Material System Subsistence
According to Economic and Material According to Evolutionary View According to People’s Subsistence
System
DISSOLUTION OF A SOCIETY
◼(1) when the people kill each other through civil revolution;
◼(2) when an outside force exterminates the members of the
society;
◼(3) when the members become apathetic among themselves or
have no more sense of belongingness;
◼(4) when a small society is absorbed by a stronger and larger
society by means of conquest or territorial absorption;
◼(5) when an existing society is submerged in water killing all
the people and other living things in it; or (60 when the people
living in such a society voluntarily attach themselves to another
existing society
THE CONCEPT
OF CULTURE
ELEMENTS
OF
CULTURE
Symbols, Language, Technology, Values , Beliefs and Norms
Elements of Culture

refers to anything that is used to stand for something

else. It is anything that gives meaning to the culture.
People who share a culture often attach a specific
meaning to an object, gesture, sound, or image.
1. Even the meanings we provide to things such as colors
SYMBOL and graphic symbols provide understanding which is
common to a certain group of people (David and
S Macaraeg, 2010).

Examples: Feast and Cross is a significant symbol to

Christian.
Elements of Culture

is known as the storehouse of culture ( Arcinas, 2016).

2.
LANGUAG It system of words and symbols used to communicate
with other people.
E
We have a lot of dialects in the Philippines that provide a
means of understanding. Through these, culture is
hereby transmitted to future generation through learning
(David and Macaraeg, 2010)
Elements of Culture

◼refers to the application of

knowledge and equipment to
3. ease the task of living and
TECHNOLOG maintaining the environment; it
Y includes artifacts, methods and
devices created and used by
people (Arcinas, 2016).
Elements of Culture

are culturally defined standards for what is good or desirable.

Values determine how individuals will probably respond in
any given circumstances.

4. This also refers to the abstract concept of what is important

VALUES and worthwhile (Davidand Macaraeg, 2010).

What is considered as good, proper and desirable, or bad,

improper or undesirable, in a culture can be called as values
(Arcinas, 2016). It influence people’s behavior and serve as a
benchmark for evaluating the actions of others.
 (a) compassionate;
(b) spirit of kinship and camaraderie;
(c) hardworking and industry;
(d) ability to survive;
FILIPINO
(e) faith and religiosity;
VALUES (f) flexibility, adaptability and creativity;
(g) joy and humor;
(h) family oriented;
(i) hospitality; and
(j) pakikipagkapwa-tao
Elements of Culture

refers to the faith of an individual ( David and

Macaraeg, 2010)

5. How one’s belied on the value of life relate

with his or her interaction with others and
BELIEFS the world.

These maybe based on common sense, folk

wisdom, religion, science or a combination
of all these (Arcinas, 2016)
Elements of Culture
are specific rules/standards to guide for
appropriate behavior (Arcinas, 2016).

These are societal expectations that

6. mandate specific behaviors in specific
situations (David and Macaraeg, 2010).
NORMS Like in school, we are expected to behave
in a particular way.
If violate norms, we look different.
Thus, we can be called as SOCIAL
DEVIANTS.
 TYPES OF NORMS
◼a. Proscriptive norm defines and
tells us things not to do.
◼b. Prescriptive norm defines and
tells us things to do.
 DIFFERENT FORMS OF SOCIETAL NORMS

◼Mores are strict norms that control moral and ethical

behavior; they are based on definitions of right and wrong
(Arcinas, 2016). They are norms also but with moral
understones (David and Macaraeg, 2010)
◼For example, since our country Philippines is a Christian nation,
we are expected to practice monogamous marriage. So, if a
person who has two or more partners is looked upon as
immoral. Polygamy is considered taboo in Philippine society.
Different Forms Of Societal Norms

LAWS
◼are controlled ethics and they are morally agreed, written down
and enforced by an official law enforcement agency (Arcinas,
2016). They are institutionalized norms and mores that were
enacted by the state to ensure stricter punishment in order for
the people to adhere to the standards set by society (David and
Macaraeg, 2010).
Different Forms Of Societal Norms

FOLKWAYS
are also known as customs (customary/repetitive ways of
doing things); they are forms of norms for everyday
behavior that people follow for the sake of tradition or
convenience.
For example, we Filipinos eat with our bear hands.
TWO COMPONENTS OF CULTURE

◼1. Material culture consists of tangible things (Banaag, 2012). It refers

to the physical objects, resources, and spaces that people use to define
their culture. These include homes, neighborhoods, cities, schools,
churches, synagogues, temples, mosques, offices, factories and plants,
tools, means of production, goods and products, stores, and so forth.
◼2. Non-material culture consists of intangible things (Banaag, 2012).
Non‐material culture refers to the nonphysical ideas that people have
about their culture, including beliefs, values, rules, norms, morals,
language, organizations, and institutions.
HOW DO WE
ACQUIRE
CULTURE?
MODES OF ACQUIRING CULTURE
1. IMITATION - Children and adults alike have the tendency to imitate the
values, attitudes, language and all other things in their social environment.

2. INDOCTRINATION OR SUGGESTION- This may take the form of

formal training or informal teaching.
Formally, the person learns from school. Informally, he may acquire those behaviors
from listening or watching, reading, attending training activities or through interaction.

3. CONDITIONING- The values, beliefs, and attitudes of other people are

acquired through conditioning. This conditioning can be reinforced through reward and
punishment.
CAUSES OF CULTURAL
CHANGE
Causes of Cultural Change

1. DISCOVERY

◼is the process of finding a new place or an object, artefact or

anything that previously existed. For example, the discovery of
fire led to the art of cooking; discovery of oil, of organisms and
substances; of diseases; of atoms and sources of energy
Causes of Cultural Change

2. INVENTION
◼implies a creative mental process of devising, creating and
producing something new, novel or original; and also the
utilization and combination of previously known elements to
produce that an original or novel product. It could be either
social or material or it could also be invention of new methods
or techniques.
◼ Example of social invention: invention of number system,
government, language, democracy, religion, and alphabet
Example of Material Invention: invention of the wheel,
machines.
Causes of Cultural Change

3. DIFFUSION

◼is the spread of cultural traits or social practices from a society

or group to another belonging to the same society or to another
through direct contact with each other and exposure to new
forms. It involves the following social processes
Causes of Cultural Change- DIFFUSION

◼a. Acculturation – cultural borrowing and cultural imitation Example:

The Filipinos are said to be the best English- speaking people of Asia.
◼b. Assimilation – the blending or fusion of two distinct cultures through
long periods of interaction Example: Americanization of Filipino
immigrants to the US.
◼c. Amalgamation – the biological or hereditary fusion of members of
different societies Example: Marriage between a Filipino and an
American
◼d. Enculturation – the deliberate infusion of a new culture to another
Example: The teaching of American history and culture to the Filipinos
during the early American Regime
4. COLONIZATION

◼refers to the political, social, and political policy of establishing

a colony which would be subject to the rule or governance of
the colonizing state. For example, the Hispanization of Filipino
culture when the Spaniards came and conquered the Philippines.
5. REBELLION AND REVOLUTIONARY
MOVEMENTS

◼aim to change the whole social order and replace the leadership.
The challenge the existing folkways and mores, and propose a
new scheme of norms, values and organization.
ADAPTATION OF
CULTURE
Adaptation of Culture

1. PARALLELISM

◼means that the same culture may take place in two or

more different places.
Example: The domestication of dogs, cats, pigs and other
animals may have semblance in other places.
Adaptation of Culture

2. DIFFUSION

◼refers to those behavioral patterns that pass back and forth from
one culture to another. This is the transfer or spread of culture
traits from one another brought about by change agents such as
people or media Examples: food and eating practices, marriage
and wedding ceremonies, burial rituals, feast celebrations.
Adaptation of Culture

3. CONVERGENCE

◼takes place when two or more cultures are fused or merged into
one culture making it different from the original culture.
Adaptation of Culture

4. FISSION

◼takes place when people break away from their original culture
and start developing a different culture of their own.
Adaptation of Culture

5. ACCULTURATION

◼refers to the process wherein individuals incorporate the

behavioral patterns of other cultures into their own either
voluntarily or by force. Voluntary acculturation occurs through
imitation, borrowing, or personal contact with other people.
Adaptation of Culture

6. ASSIMILATION

◼occurs when the culture of a larger society is adopted by a

smaller society, that smaller society assumes some of the culture
of the larger society or cost society.
Adaptation of Culture

7. ACCOMMODATION

◼occurs when the larger society and smaller society are able to
respect and tolerate each other’s culture even if there is already
a prolonged contact of each other’s culture.
ETHNOCENTRISM
, XENOCENTRISM
AND CULTURAL
RELATIVISM
ETHNOCENTRISM

◼Ethnocentrism is a perception that arises from the fact

that cultures differ and each culture defines reality
differently. This happens when judging another culture
solely by the values and standards of one’s own
culture (Baleña, et.al,2016). This is the tendency to see
and evaluate other cultures in terms of one’s own race,
nation or culture. This is the feeling or belief that one’s
culture is better than the rest.
XENOCENTRISM
◼the opposite of ethnocentrism, the belief that one’s
culture is inferior compared to others. People are
highly influenced by the culture or many culture outside
the realm of their society. This could be one of the effects
of globalization. Exposure to cultural practices of others
may make one individual or group of individuals to give
preference to the ideas, lifestyle and products of other
culture.
CULTURAL RELATIVISM
◼is an attempt to judge behavior according to its cultural
context (Baleña, et.al,2016). It is a principle that an
individual person’s beliefs and activities should be
understood by others in terms of that individual’s own
culture.
◼This concept emphasizes the perspective that no culture
is superior to any other culture (Arcinas, 2016).
Cultural relativism

◼(a) different societies have different moral code;

◼(b) the moral code of a society determines what is right or
wrong within the society;
◼(c) there are no moral truths that hold for all people at all times;
◼(d) the moral code of our own society has no special status, it is
but one among many; and
◼(e) it is arrogant for us to judge other cultures, so we have to be
tolerant to them.
OTHER IMPORTANT
TERMS RELATED
TO CULTURE
OTHER IMPORTANT TERMS RELATED TO CULTURE

◼1. Cultural diversity refers the differentiation of culture

all over the world which means there is no right or wrong
culture but there is appropriate culture for the need of a
specific group of people.
◼2. Sub-culture refers to a smaller group within a larger
culture.
OTHER IMPORTANT TERMS RELATED TO CULTURE

◼3. Counterculture refers cultural patterns that strongly

oppose those widely accepted within a society (example
in the 1960”s counter culture among teenagers reflect
long hair, blue jeans, peace sign, rock and roll music and
drug abuse).
◼4. Culture lag is experienced when some parts of the
society do not change as fast as with other parts and they
are left behind.
OTHER IMPORTANT TERMS RELATED TO CULTURE

◼5. Culture shock is the inability to read meaning in

one’s surroundings, feeling of lost and isolation, unsure
to act as a consequence of being outside the symbolic
web of culture that binds others.
◼6. Ideal culture refers to the social patterns mandated by
cultural values and norms.
OTHER IMPORTANT TERMS RELATED TO CULTURE

◼7. Real culture refers to the actual patterns that only

approximate cultural expectations.
◼8. High culture refers to the cultural patterns that
distinguish a society’s elite.
OTHER IMPORTANT TERMS RELATED TO CULTURE

◼9. Popular culture refers to the cultural patterns that are

widespread among a society’s population.
◼10.Culture change is the manner by which culture
evolve
CHARACTERISTIC
S OF CULTURE