Location via proxy:   [ UP ]  
[Report a bug]   [Manage cookies]                
Scribd
Upload
21 views

Course Topic 2. Discrete-Time Signals and Systems (16x9)

This document discusses discrete-time signals and systems. It covers key topics like sampling, quantization, analog-to-digital conversion, and digital-to-analog conversion. Different types of analog-to-digital converters are described, including flash ADCs, successive approximation ADCs, and digital ramp ADCs. Digital filtering and various representations of discrete-time systems are also summarized. The document provides an overview of fundamental concepts for understanding discrete-time signals and digital signal processing.

Uploaded by

Gennelyn Israel
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
21 views

Course Topic 2. Discrete-Time Signals and Systems (16x9)

This document discusses discrete-time signals and systems. It covers key topics like sampling, quantization, analog-to-digital conversion, and digital-to-analog conversion. Different types of analog-to-digital converters are described, including flash ADCs, successive approximation ADCs, and digital ramp ADCs. Digital filtering and various representations of discrete-time systems are also summarized. The document provides an overview of fundamental concepts for understanding discrete-time signals and digital signal processing.

Uploaded by

Gennelyn Israel
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 28

ECEN 30084

SIGNALS, SPECTRA, SIGNAL PROCESSING


Topic 2: Discrete-Time Signals and Systems

ALEXANDER S. CARRASCAL
Learning Objectives:
Upon completion, you should be able to:
 Define discrete-time signals and discrete-
time systems
 Discuss the analog-to-digital and digital-to-
analog conversions
 Explain the process of sampling,
quantizing, and coding
 Recognize the different types of system
representations
 Describe digital filters
Discrete-Time Signals and Systems

IMPORTANT POINTS:
 A continuous-time signal can be
observed at every instant of real time.
 A discrete-time signal can be observed
only at discrete instants of time.
 A discrete-time signal can be derived
from a continuous-time signal by
sampling.
Discrete-Time Signals
Introduction to Sampling
IMPORTANT POINTS:
 Sampling is the process of extracting a discrete-time signal
from a continuous-time signal
 Sampling records the signal only at discrete instants of time
 This record of discrete observations constitutes a discrete-
time signal
 Each measurement is called a sample
 Sampling process can be viewed as a system with the
continuous-time signal as the input and the discrete-time
sampled version as the output .

System Representation of Sampling Grapical Representation of Sampling


Introduction to Sampling
Introduction to Sampling
Analog to Digital Conversion
Analog to Digital Conversion
 Electronic sampling is a widely used method
in sampling an analog signal.
 A sensor is used to observe the physical
process and produces an electronic output
signal.
 This output signal is sampled by a device and
converts it into a digital signal.
 This device that performs this task is called
an analog-to-digital converter (ADC).
Analog to Digital Conversion
Analog to Digital Conversion

  An ADC is an IC that accepts an analog voltage


(a continuous-time signal).
 It accepts a timing signal that provides an
interface between the un-clocked outside world
with the synchronized world inside a data
processing unit.
 The output of ADC is a set of pins, each of which
is set to either a high voltage (logical 1) or a low
voltage (logical 0) over one sample period.
 These pins represent a binary word that
corresponds to the quantized sample value at a
sample instant.
Flash ADC
 Also called the parallel A/D converter.
 It is formed of a series of comparators, each one comparing the
input signal to a unique reference voltage.
 The comparator outputs connect to the inputs of a
priority encoder circuit, which then produces a binary output.
 Vref is a stable reference voltage provided by a precision voltage
regulator as part of the converter circuit.
 As the analog input voltage exceeds the reference voltage at
each comparator, the comparator outputs will sequentially
saturate to a high state.
 The priority encoder generates a binary number based on the
highest-order active input, ignoring all other active inputs
Successive Approximation ADC

 Consists of comparator, DAC, and a successive


approximation register (SAR) along with the
control circuit.
 When a new conversation starts, the S/H
circuit samples the input signal (Vin).
 Vin is compared with the specific output signal
of the DAC.
 When the conversion starts, the SAR sets the
MSB to 1 and all other bits to zero. 
 If Vin is greater than the output of the DAC, the
MSB will stay as it is, and the next bit will be
set for a new comparison.
 If Vin is less than the DAC value, the MSB will
be set to zero, and the next bit will be set to 1
for a new comparison. 
Digital Ramp ADC

 Digital Ramp ADC uses a counter and a


DAC to match the digital output to the
analog input.
 It does this by converting the
sequential count back into an analog
signal and comparing its value to the
input signal.
 Count stops when they are equal.
 Output climbs from zero to the desired
value.
 It takes longer to produce a correct
output for higher voltages than lower
voltages.
 Disadvantage: Longer conversion time
Analog to Digital Conversion
Coding
Quantization
Quantization
Digital to Analog Conversion
Digital-to-Analog Conversion

Figure. Signal Reconstruction Using a Zero-Order Hold.


Digital-to-Analog Conversion

Figure. Inverted R-2R Ladder Digital-to-Analog Converter


Introduction to Discrete-Time Systems Discrete-Time System Representations
Transfer Functions Example
Convolution Sum System Response to Standard Inputs
Examples
Introduction to Digital Filters

Figure. Analog and Digital Filters


End of Presentation

Thank You!

You might also like