Data Acquisition Systems Hardware - 2

SISTEM AKUISISI DATA S1 TEKNIK ELEKTRO WEEK 10 IEN, HBU, DND, BHM
Data Acquisition Systems: Hardware (2)

Converter A/D
• An ADC is an electronic device that converts an input analog voltage or current to a digital number
proportional to the magnitude of the voltage or current.
A/D Parameter
• The most important factor to project a specific and efficient

ADC can be described in the following points:
1. Input voltage range: The input voltage range of an ADC
is determined by the reference voltage (VREF) applied to
the ADC.
2. Resolution: The resolution, expressed in bits, of the
converter indicates the number of discrete values (binary)
that can be produced over the range of analog values.
3. Quantization error: Quantization error is an artifact of
representing an analog signal with a digital number (in
other words, an artifact of analog-to-digital conversion).
4. Conversion mode: A conversion mode is a method in
which the ADC processes the input. A standard ADC has
two types of conversion modes: single ended conversion
mode and differential conversion mode.
A/D Parameter (Cont.)
5. Offset error: The offset error is defined as the deviation

of the actual ADCs transfer function from the perfect
ADCs transfer function related at the point of LSB.
6. Gain error: The gain error is defined as the deviation of
the last steps midpoint of the actual ADC from the last
steps midpoint of the ideal ADC, after compensating for
offset error.
7. Signal-to-noise-ratio: SNR is defined as the ratio of
the output signal voltage level to the output noise level.
Example of Offset Error
It is usually represented in decibels (dB). Example of Gain Error
8. Total harmonic distortion (THD): An input signal of a

particular frequency passes through a nonlinear device.
THD is defined as the ratio of the sum of powers of the
harmonic frequency components to the power of the
fundamental/original frequency component.
9. Impedances and capacitances of ADC: The input
impedance of the ADC is the combination of RADC and
the impedance of the capacitor CADC that is also called
as sampling capacitor. Impedances and Capacitances of ADC
Successive-Approximation ADC
• The successive approximation ADC circuit

typically consists of four sub circuits:
1. An S-H circuit to sample the input voltage.
2. An analog voltage comparator that compares
Vi with the output of the DAC and sends the
result to the successive approximation register
(SAR).
3. An SAR sub-circuit designed to supply an
approximate digital code of Vin to the DAC.
4. An internal reference DAC supplies the
comparator with an analog voltage equivalent
of the digital code output of the SAR for
comparison with Vi.
• Working of Successive-Approximation ADC:

1. The SAR is initialized so that the most
significant bit (MSB) is equal to a digital 1.
2. The code is sent into DAQ which supplies the
analog equivalent of this code (Vref/2) into
comparator with sampled input voltage.
3. If this analog voltage is more bigger than Vin,
the comparator causes the SAR to reset this
bit. Then same test is done, repeating this
process until every bit in the SAR is
completed.
𝑉𝑖 = 𝑥𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑓
Where, x is the normalized inout voltage [-1,1]. The algorithm proceeds as follows:
1. Initial approximation 𝑥0 =0.
𝑠 𝑥𝑖−1 −𝑥
2. i-th approximation 𝑥1 = 𝑥𝑖−1 − .
2𝑖
Where, s(x) is the signum-function sgn(x) (+1 for x ≥ 0, -1 for x <0). Using mathematical induction we
have |xn-x| ≤ 1/2n
Flash ADC
• Flash ADC uses the op-amp as

comparator.
• Vin is compared to Vref on each op-
amp.
• Very fast processing ADC, but need
more components.
• Three main categories of Flash ADC:
1. Low speed/serial
2. Medium speed
3. High Speed
Simulation link:
http://tinyurl.com/yysczvjr
Flash ADC
• An N bit flash ADC consists of a

resistors string, a set of comparators,
and a digital encoding network
implemented using XOR gates.
• The resistors string is composed of 2N
resistors which are connected between
Ref+ and Ref− to produce a reference
voltage for each of the comparators.
• The voltage difference between these
reference voltages is equal to the least
significant bit (LSB) voltage.
Converter D/A
• A DAC is an electronic device that converts a digital (usually binary) signal

to an analog signal (current, voltage, or electric charge).
• A common use of DACs is the generation of audio signals from digital
information in music players.
Parameter Converter D/A
• The most important characteristics of DACs are:

1. Resolution: This is the number of possible
output levels the DAC is designed to reproduce.
2. Monotonicity: Ability of a DAC’s analog output to
move only in the direction that the digital input
moves.
3. Full scale range (FSR): Maximum output signal
for the DAC.
4. SFDR, Spurious Free Dynamic Range: The
difference between the RMS power of the
fundamental frequency and the largest spurious
signal in the bandwidth.
5. Glitch: When a DAC is set to a desired output
code, it does not immediately converted to the
specific output current or voltage.
Binary-Weighted-Input
DAC
• The simplest DAC.

• This DAC works with an R-input combination to obtain the voltage
appropriate with the resolution.
Simulation link:
http://tinyurl.com/y2wulbgo
The R-2R DAC
• The R-2R DAC uses fewer resistor.

• The R-2R DAC needs different and precise input resistor values.
• Calculating the substitution resistor from the input resistor to obtain the
design of the DAC.
Simulation link:
http://tinyurl.com/y556sdey
The End of Week 10
Thank You

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SISTEM AKUISISI DATA S1 TEKNIK ELEKTRO WEEK 10 IEN, HBU, DND, BHM

Data Acquisition Systems: Hardware (2)

• The most important factor to project a speciﬁc and efﬁcient

5. Offset error: The offset error is deﬁned as the deviation

8. Total harmonic distortion (THD): An input signal of a

• The successive approximation ADC circuit

• Working of Successive-Approximation ADC:

• Flash ADC uses the op-amp as

• An N bit ﬂash ADC consists of a

• A DAC is an electronic device that converts a digital (usually binary) signal

• The most important characteristics of DACs are:

• The simplest DAC.

• The R-2R DAC uses fewer resistor.

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