Simple harmonic motion and free

vibration

Simple Harmonic Motion:
A harmonic oscillation of constant amplitude and of single
frequency under a restoring force whose magnitude is
proportional to the displacement and always acts towards
mean Position is called Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM).
A simple harmonic oscillation can be expressed as
y = a sin ωt
or y = a cos ωt
Where a = amplitude of oscillation.
 Some Terms Related to SHM:
Time Period: Time taken by the body to complete one oscillation is
known as time period. It is denoted by T.


Frequency: The number of oscillations completed by the body in one
second is called frequency. It is denoted by v.
             Its SI unit is ‘hertz’ or ‘second-1‘.
             Frequency = 1 / Time period
Angular Frequency: The product of frequency with factor 2π is called
angular frequency. It is denoted by ω.
             Angular frequency (ω) = 2πv
             Its SI unit is ‘hertz’ or ‘second-1‘.
Displacement: A physical quantity which changes uniformly with time
in a periodic motion, is called displacement. It is denoted by y.
Amplitude The maximum displacement in any direction from mean
position is called amplitude. It is denoted by a.
Phase A physical quantity which express the position and direction of
motion of an oscillating particle, is called phase. It is denoted by φ.
Some Important Formulae of SHM:
(i) Displacement in SHM at any instant is given by
y = a sin ωt
or y = a cos ωt


where a = amplitude and
ω = angular frequency.
(ii) Velocity of a particle executing SHM at any instant is given by
v = ω √(a2 – y2)
At mean position y = 0 and v is maximum
vmax = aω
At extreme position y = a and v is zero.
(iii) Acceleration of a particle executing SHM at any instant is given by
A or α = – ω2 y
Negative sign indicates that the direction of acceleration is opposite to the direction in
which displacement increases, i.e., towards mean position.
At mean position y = 0 and acceleration is also zero.
At extreme position y = a and acceleration is maximum
Amax = – aω2
(iv) Time period in SHM is given by
T = 2π √Displacement / Acceleration
 Free Vibration
 Vibration is a rapid motion back to forth.
 Free vibration is where there is no externally applied
vibrating forcing. 
 In free vibration, energy will remain the same, and
energy is not added or removed from the body.
 The body keeps vibrating at the same amplitude.


 The solution to a free vibration is usually roughly
sinusoidal.
 Example oscillations of object connected to a horizontal
spring, the sound produced by turning fork in a short
distance.
There are three types of free vibrations
(1) Longitudinal vibrations: disc moves parallel to the axis.
(2) Transverse vibration:
The disc moves perpendicular to the axis.


(3) Torsional vibrations:
The disc moves a circle about the axis

.
 Stress Strain
Stress-Strain Curve:


 To determine the relation between the stress and strain for a
given material, let’s conduct an experiment.
 Take a test cylinder or wire and stretch it by an applied force
. Record the fraction change in length (strain) and the applied
force needed to cause the strain. Increase the applied force
gradually, in steps, and record the readings.
 Now, plot a graph between the stress (which is equal in
magnitude to the applied force per unit area) and the strain
produced.
 The graph for a typical metal looks as follows:


 The stress-strain curves can vary with the material
in question. With the help of such curves, we can
understand how the material deforms with
increasing loads.

Analysis of the Curve:
 In Fig. 2, we can see that in the region between O and
A, the curve is linear. Hence, Hooke’s Law obeys in
this region. In the region from A to B, the stress and
strain are not proportional. However, if we remove
the load, the body returns to its original dimension.
 Hooke’s Law

Hooke’s Law:

Hooke’s Law states that for small deformities, the stress
and strain are proportional to each other. Thus,
Stress ∝ Strain
Or, Stress = k × Strain … where k is the constant of
proportionality and is the Modulus of Elasticity.
It is important to note that Hooke’s Law is valid for
most materials.
Principle planes and stresses

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
Shear force and bending moment diagram


 SHEAR FORCE: It is defined as the algebraic sum of
all the vertical forces either to left or to the right hand
side of the section.
 BENDING MOMENT: It is defined as the algebraic
sum of the moments of all the forces either to the left
or to the right of a section.
 
SIGN CONVENTIONS:
 A clockwise shear will be taken as positive and
an anti-clockwise shear will be taken as negative.
 A bending moment causing concavity upward will
be taken as positive and will be called as Sagging
Bending Moment.
 A bending moment causing convexity upward will
be taken as negative and will be called a Hogging
Bending Moment.

SHEAR FORCE DIAGRAM:


 It is a graphical representation of the variation of shear force
along the length of the beam. The ordinate of the SFD at any
section gives the value of the Shear Force at that section, due to
the fixed load positions on the beam.
 Shear Force Diagram will be Rectangular between POINT LOAD.
 Shear Force Diagram will be Triangular between UNIFORMLY
DISTRIBUTED LOAD.
 Shear Force Diagram will be Parabolic between UNIFORMLY
VARYING LOAD.
BENDING MOMENT DIAGRAM:


 It is a graphical; representation of the variation of bending
moment along the length of the beam. The ordinate of the BMD at
any section gives the value of Bending Moment at that section,
due to the fixed load positions on the beam.
 Bending Moment Diagram will be Triangular between POINT LOAD.
 Bending Moment Diagram will be Parabolic between UNIFORMLY
DISTRIBUTED LOAD.
 Bending Moment Diagram will be Hyperbolic between UNIFORMLY
VARYING LOAD.
PROPERTIES OF SHEAR FORCE DIAGRAM:


 Shear Force Diagram consists of a rectangle, if the beam is loaded
with point loads.
 Shear Force Diagram consists of inclined line for the portion on
which uniformly distributed load is acting.
 Shear Force Diagram consists of parabolic curve for the portion
over which triangular or trapezoidal load distribution is acting.
 Shear Force Diagram consists of cubic curve for the portion over
which parabolic load distribution is acting.
 Shear Force does not change at the point of application of a couple.
PROPERTIES OF BENDING MOMENT DIAGRAM:


 Bending Moment Diagram consists of inclined lines for the beam loaded
with point loads.
 Bending Moment Diagram consists of parabolic curve for the portion
over which uniformly distributed load is acting.
 Bending Moment Diagram of cubic or third degree curve for the portion
over which uniformly varying load is acting.
 Bending Moment Diagram consists of fourth degree curve if the load
distribution is parabolic.
 Bending Moment is maximum where shear force is zero or changes sign.
 Bending Moment abruptly at the point of application of couple.
 POINT OF CONTRAFLEXURE:


The bending moments of opposite nature always produce curvature of beams
in opposite directions. In a beam if the bending moment changes sign at
point, the point itself having zero bending moment, the beam changes
curvature at this point of zero bending moment and this point is called the
point of contra flexure. So at a point of contra flexure the beam flexes in
opposite direction. The point of contra flexure is called the point of inflexion
or a virtual hinge.
USE OF SHEAR FORCE DIAGRAM AND BENDING MOMENT
DIAGRAM:

 Every structure will try to resist the deformation by developing the
internal resistance (Shear, Moment and/or Bending Moment).
However, the properties of the body will decide how much resistance
would be provided against loading.
 For example,
 A beam of concrete material has very high resistance to shear. It is
however very weak in tension.
 A steel beam has high resistance in both shear as well as bending.
However, it is very expensive when compared to concrete.
 Hence, while designing a beam of concrete we find the points of
maximum SFD and BMD values. These values in turn give us the idea
as to the kind of material and geometry we need to provide to resist
deformation (or failure in general). Since, concrete is very cheap we try
to provide as much of it as possible. However, it is weak in tension.
