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    Sac Sma

    Uploaded by

    Iwan M Syariefuddin
    The document describes the Sacramento Soil Moisture Accounting Model, a physically-based conceptual hydrologic model. The model simulates watershed processes using a two-layer soil profile and accounts for various states of water within each layer. Key components include tension water, free water, evapotranspiration, percolation between layers, and baseflow generation. The model was developed to assess changes in watershed response using available data without excessive complexity.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Sac Sma

    Uploaded by

    Iwan M Syariefuddin
    46 views21 pages
    The document describes the Sacramento Soil Moisture Accounting Model, a physically-based conceptual hydrologic model. The model simulates watershed processes using a two-layer soil profile and accounts for various states of water within each layer. Key components include tension water, free water, evapotranspiration, percolation between layers, and baseflow generation. The model was developed to assess changes in watershed response using available data without excessive complexity.

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    SAC-SMA

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    The document describes the Sacramento Soil Moisture Accounting Model, a physically-based conceptual hydrologic model. The model simulates watershed processes using a two-layer soil profile and accounts for various states of water within each layer. Key components include tension water, free water, evapotranspiration, percolation between layers, and baseflow generation. The model was developed to assess changes in watershed response using available data without excessive complexity.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    46 views21 pages

    Sac Sma

    Uploaded by

    Iwan M Syariefuddin
    The document describes the Sacramento Soil Moisture Accounting Model, a physically-based conceptual hydrologic model. The model simulates watershed processes using a two-layer soil profile and accounts for various states of water within each layer. Key components include tension water, free water, evapotranspiration, percolation between layers, and baseflow generation. The model was developed to assess changes in watershed response using available data without excessive complexity.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 21

    General Concepts

     Physically-based conceptual model


    – based on physical concepts that describe water movement trough a
    watershed

     Lumped versus distributed models


     Continuous versus event-based models
     Two-layer soil model

    Presented by Dr. Fritz Fiedler


    COMET Hydromet 00-1
    Tuesday, 26 October 1999

    C3
    Design Considerations
     Conceptual approach provides means to assess changes
    in watershed morphology
     Detailed modeling of the many actual watershed processes
    was too complex for operational application
     Detailed modeling required more data than available
     System developed that integrates primary physical
    processes without excessive data and/or computational
    needs
     Essentially based on basic water balance equation:
    Runoff = Rainfall - Evapotranspiration - Soil Moisture Changes

    C3
    Sacramento Soil Moisture
    Accounting Model
     Represents soil moisture characteristics such that:
    – Applied moisture is distributed in a physically realistic manner within the
    various zones and energy states in soil
    – Rational percolation characteristics are maintained
    – Streamflow is simulated effectively

    C3
    Sacramento Model Components
     Tension water
     Free water
     Surface flow
     Lateral drainage
     Evapotranspiration
     Vertical drainage (percolation)

    C3
    Soil Tension and Free Water

    C3
    Sacramento Soil Moisture
    Accounting Model

    C3
    Sacramento Model Structure
    E T Demand Precipitation Input
    Px

    Impervious PCTIM Direct Runoff


    Area ADIMP
    Pervious Area Impervious Area
    ET
    Upper Zone
    EXCESS
    Surface
    Runoff
    Tension Water
    ET
    UZTW Free Water
    UZFW
    UZK
    Interflow
    ET
    Percolation
    Zperc. Rexp Total
    RIVA Channel Distribution
    ET Function Streamflow
    Inflow
    1-PFREE PFREE

    Lower Zone
    Free Water LZSK Supplemental
    Base flow
    Tension Water P S
    ET LZTW LZFP LZFS

    RSERV

    LZPK Total
    Primary Baseflow Side Subsurface
    Baseflow Discharge

    C3
    Model Parameters
    PXADJ Precipitation adjustment factor
    PEADJ ET-demand adjustment factor
    UZTWM Upper zone tension water capacity (mm)
    UZFWM Upper zone free water capacity (mm)
    UZK Fractional daily upper zone free water withdrawal rate
    PCTIM Minimum impervious area (decimal fraction)
    ADIMP Additional impervious area (decimal fraction)
    RIVA Riparian vegetation area (decimal fraction)
    ZPERC Maximum percolation rate coefficient
    REXP Percolation equation exponent
    LZTWM Lower zone tension water capacity (mm)
    LZFSM Lower zone supplemental free water capacity (mm)
    LZFPM Lower zone primary free water capacity (mm)
    LZSK Fractional daily supplemental withdrawal rate
    LZPK Fractional daily primary withdrawal rate
    PFREE Fraction of percolated water going directly to lower zone free water storage
    RSERV Fraction of lower zone free water not transferable to lower zone tension water
    SIDE Ratio of deep recharge to channel baseflow
    ET Demand Daily ET demand (mm/day)
    PE Adjust PE adjustment factor for 16th of each month
    C3
    State Variables
    ADIMC Tension water contents of the ADIMP area (mm)
    UZTWC Upper zone tension water contents (mm)
    UZFWC Upper zone free water contents (mm)
    LZTWC Lower zone tension water contents (mm)
    LZFSC Lower zone free supplemental contents (mm)
    LZFPC Lower zone free primary contents (mm)

    C3
    Percolation Rate Under Saturated
    Conditions
     Water balance of lower zone

    In

    Lower zone Out

    C3
    Percolation Rate Continued...
     Water balance of lower zone

    In

    Out

    C3
    Percolation Curve

    C3
    Percolation Characteristics
     PBASE
    – The continued percolation rate under saturated conditions
    – A function of the lower zone capacities and the lower zone withdrawal rates
    – PBASE = LZFSM • LZSK + LZFPM • LZPK

     ZPERC
    – The number of PBASE units that must be added to the continuing
    saturated percolation rate to define the maximum percolation rate

     REXP
    – The exponent which defines the curvature in the percolation curve with
    changes in the lower zone soil moisture deficiency.

    C3
    Effect of Soil-Moisture Parameters
    on Model Response
     Volume
    – Altering these parameters changes volume, but not the relative breakdown
    of runoff among various non-impervious components
     UZTWM, LZTWM, ET (Demand curve), PE (Adjustment curve)

     Timing
    – Altering these parameters changes the relative breakdown of runoff
    between various non-impervious components; always causes timing
    changes and (in some cases) can cause significant overall volume
    changes
     UZFWM, LZFPM, LZFSM, UZK, LZPK, LZSK, ZPERC, REXP

    C3
    Effect of Soil-Moisture Parameters
    on Model Response (continued)
     Impervious runoff
    – Altering these parameters determines how much of the rain + melt goes
    directly to runoff; both have a volume and timing effect, though PCTIM
    mainly affects volume, and ADIMP primarily affects timing
     PCTIM, ADIMP

     Baseflow volume
    – Altering these parameters primarily changes the amount of baseflow
    volume while having little or no effect on other runoff components
     SIDE, RIVA, PFREE

     Minor effect
    – Generally has little effect on model response
     RSERV

    C3
    Volume Effects
    1000

    800
    Mean Daily Flow (CFS)

    600

    400

    200

    0
    12/29 2/17 4/8 5/28 7/17

    Small Tension Water Zones Large Tension Water Zones

    C3
    Sacramento Model Structure
    E T Demand Precipitation Input
    Px

    Impervious PCTIM Direct Runoff


    Area ADIMP
    Pervious Area Impervious Area
    ET
    Upper Zone
    EXCESS
    Surface
    Runoff
    Tension Water
    ET
    UZTW Free Water
    UZFW
    UZK
    Interflow
    ET
    Percolation
    Zperc. Rexp Total
    RIVA Channel Distribution
    ET Function Streamflow
    Inflow
    1-PFREE PFREE

    Lower Zone
    Free Water LZSK Supplemental
    Base flow
    Tension Water P S
    ET LZTW LZFP LZFS

    RSERV

    LZPK Total
    Primary Baseflow Side Subsurface
    Baseflow Discharge

    C3
    Evapotranspiration
     ET Demand: Evapotranspiration from land surface when
    soil moisture is not limiting (tension water at capacity)
     Potential Evaporation: Evaporation from free water surface
    (lakes, wet grass)
     PE Adjustment Curve: Seasonal curve reflecting type and
    activity of vegetation

    ET Demand = PE * PE Adjustment

    C3
    Hydrograph Produced Mainly by Surface Runoff
    (Runoff Breakdown: Surface 64%, Interflow 15%, Supplemental 21%)

    C3
    Hydrograph Produced by Mixed Runoff
    ( Runoff Breakdown: Surface 27%, Interflow 33%, Supplemental 40%)

    C3
    Hydrograph Containing No Surface Runoff
    (Runoff Breakdown: Interflow 17%, Supplemental 83%)

    C3

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