Lecture 7 Passive RLC Components (1)

1. Resistors for High Frequencies

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1. Resistors for High Frequencies
 Resistors for RF & MW applications: SMT, small

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 SMT resistor packaging forms

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 Resistive element forms
- Wirewound
- Thin film
- Thick film
- Bulk metal conventional foil
- Bulk metal Z-foil

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 Resistor evolutions

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 Performance comparison of different resistor types

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2. Resistor Specifications
 Resistor specifications
- Resistance value
- TCR
- Tolerance
- ESD sensitivity
- Maximum working voltage
- Power rating and rated voltage
- Load life stability
- Current noise
- Thermal stabilization: speed of reaction to current flow and ambient temperature
change
- Nonlinearity: change of R with V
- Response time and speed: due to parasitic L and C
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 TCR curve

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 Temperature-related effects
- TCR (temperature coefficient of resistance): TCR = ΔR / (Rref ΔT)
- PCR (power coefficient of resistance): resistance due to self-heating
- Thermal EMF: caused by temperature between the two junctions of dissimilar
materials. A significant noise source in high-precision resistor for low resistance
DC applications
- ESD (electrostatic discharge): high voltage discharge through a resistor causing
a catastrophic failure or latent defect
- STO (short time overload): a temporary unexpected high pulse or overload
causing parametric or catastrophic failure. STO is an accelerated simulation of
load life stability
- Thermal stabilization: how quickly a resistor stabilizes at its final value after
being subjected to its full rated power
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 Stability
- Exposure to electrical stresses: current flow → heat generated → mechanical
stresses
- Ambient temperature variations → mechanical stresses
- Chemical stresses

 For good stability

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 Resistor sensitivity to stress factors

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 Stability of thick-film and thin-film reistors

Source: Vishay

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 Worst-case tolerance stack-up for thin-film resistors

Source: T. C. Mallett, IEEE T-IM, 68(11), 2019

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 Structure

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 Advantages

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 Long-term stability of bulk metal foil resistors

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 Various forms of bulk metal foil resistors

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 Applications of bulk metal foil resistors

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 High-temperature bulk metal foil resistors

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 Precision metal film resistors
- Produced by Viking Co.

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 Precision metal film resistors, frequency response

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 Very low TCR of bulk metal foil resistors

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 Prominent companies producing bulk-metal foil resistors
- Texas Components, www.texascomponents.com
- Vishay Precision Group: provides a good library of technical documents
https://vpgfoilresistors.com/
http://www.vishaypg.com/foil-resistors/
- Viking (a Taiwan company)

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4. Wirewound Resistors
 Wirewound resistors
- Superior surge handling
- Linear PTC resistors
- Due to parasitic inductance and capacitance, wirewound resistors are not suitable
for high frequency applications
- Encapsulation: vitreous enamel, cement, silicon lacquer/plastic molding,
finned aluminum housing
- Types
Precision wirewound resistors
Wirewound resistors for power-dissipating roles
Low-ohm wirewound resistors: 5 - 800 mΩ

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 Wirewound resistor forms

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 Applications of precision wirewound resistors

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 Inductance and capacitance of wirewound resistors

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 Characteristics of general wirewound resistors

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 Precision wirewound resistors
- Higher precision and more tightly controlled TCR
- More stable
- For compact designs, metal film resistors with similar characteristics are used.
- Linear PTC resistors
- Low-value current sensing SMT current sensing resistors: 0.005 Ω, 0.25 – 2 W
- Medical and industrial instrumentation: high-precision, high-power leaded
resistors

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 Tolerance vs loading in precision wirewound resistors

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 Precision wirewound resistors
- Riedon precision wirewound resistors
- R ±0.005%, TCR ±2 ppm/°C, 100 ppm/year
- Matched resistance sets: ±0.001%, ±0.5 ppm/°C

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 Characteristics of precision wirewound resistors

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 Wirewound resistors for power applications
- Designed to dissipate power
- High operating temperatures, limited stability
- Temperature derating is required.

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 References on wirewound resistors
- DOEET: Construction and types of wirewound resistors
https://www.doeeet.com/content/eee-components/construction-and-types-of-wirewound-resistors/

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5. Thick-film Resistors
 Thick-film resistors:
- Special metallic paste is fired onto an insulating substrate
- Most widely used, most widely available, lowest cost
- For applications that don't require low TCR or tight tolerance
- Applications: consumer, industrial, telecom, automotive (AEC-Q200 compliant
chip resistors only)

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 Thick-film resistors construction and products packaging

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 Film resistor resistance design:
L
R
tW

L : film length along current flow direction

 : reistivity of resistor material

W : film width normal to current flow

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 Ratings vs chip size

 Major manufacturers
- AVX, Vishay, Panasonic, Rohm, Yageo, KOA Seeper, Bourns, TE Connectivity

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 High-temperature thick-film chip resistors
- Up to 200°C with temperature stability
 High voltage resistors
- Shapes: cylindrical, planar, tubular, SMD
- Precision high voltage dividers
 High power film resistors
- Heat sink mountable TO-220 package

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 References on thick-film resistors
- Nicrome Electronic, www.high-votage-resistors.com
- Omite, www.ohmite.com/thick-film/
- Venkel, https://www.venkel.com/resistors

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6. Thin-film Resistors
 Thin-film resistors:
- Metallic film (NiCr) is vacuum-deposited by sputtering processes on an insulating
substrate
- Film thickness: 50-250 Angstroms
- Limited surge capabilities with respect to ESD, short-time overload
- More accurate, more stable, less change with temperature
- Lower noise, lower parasitic inductance and capacitance
- Higher cost
- Used for applications that require high stability, high accuracy, or low noise
test instruments, medical and audio applications, precision control

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 Detailed structure of thin-film resistors:

Source: Vishay

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 Thin-film resistor specifications

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 Thin-film resistor vs thick-film resistor

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 Thin-film resistor vs thick-film resistor

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 Thin-film resistor vs thick-film resistor

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 Thin-film resistor vs thick-film resistor

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 Precision thin-film resistor application, current detection

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 Precision thin-film resistor application, voltage detection

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 Example: Vishay 70-GHz thin-film chip resistors

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 Example: Epak Electroics 40-GHz thin-film chip resistors

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 7. SMT Resistor Equivalent Circuit Modeling

 pi-network model for SMT devices

 Resistor equivalent circuit models

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 Equivalent circuit models and frequency response
- Frequequency response example: 500-ohm thin-film resistor

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 Reistor equivalent circuit examples

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 Resistor equivalent circuit example:

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 Commercial thin-film chip resistors

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 Test fixture
- SMT component test fixture
- Fixture calibration: TRL method

 Scattering parameter measurements

 Come up with an equivalent circuit based on physical modeling

 Find element values by optimization over the measured frequency range

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 Example: 22-Ω SMT resistor

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 Example: 47-Ω resistor using S11

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8. Coding Example

 Example
Input:
- Resistor equivalent circuit values: example Rs = 100 Ω, Ls = 1.5 nH, Cs = 3.0 pF

- Frequency range: start f1 Hz, end f2 Hz

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