COMPETENCY BASED IN LEARNING MATERIALS

KNOWING ABOUT ELECTRONICS

LO1. TO FAMILIARIZE THE COLOR CODING OF RESISTOR

Learning Activity Special Instruction

1. Prepare the assorted value of a) Read information no. 1 : Resistor
resistors.

2. Prepare and check required material. B.View job sheet no.1: Color coding of
resistor.

3. Self check.

.
INFORMATION SHEET # 1

INTRODUCTION

Resistor

An electronic component that produces a voltage across its terminals that is proportional to the
electric current passing through it in accordance with Ohm's law:

V = IR

Resistors are elements of electrical networks and electronic circuits and are ubiquitous in most
electronic equipment. Practical resistors can be made of various compounds and films, as well as
resistance wire (wire made of a high-resistivity alloy, such as nickel/chrome).

The primary characteristics of a resistor are the resistance, the tolerance, maximum working
voltage and the power rating. Other characteristics include temperature coefficient, noise, and
inductance. Less well-known is critical resistance, the value below which power dissipation limits
the maximum permitted current flow, and above which the limit is applied voltage. Critical
resistance is determined by the design, materials and dimensions of the resistor.

Definition of terms

I. KIND OF RESISTORS

CARBON FILM The most popular resistor type. This resistor made by depositing a carbon film
onto a small ceramic cylinder. A small spiral groove cut into the film controls the amount
of carbon between the leads, hence setting the resistance.

CARBON COMPOSITION is type also popular. It’s made from a mixture of carbon to increase
the resistance, less carbon is added. These resistors show predictable performance, low
inductance, and low capacitance. Power ratings range from about 1/4 to 2 W.
Resistances range from 1 Ohm to about 100 MOhm, with tolerances around +/- 5
percent.
METAL OXIDE FILM This type is general purpose resistor. It uses a ceramic core coated with a
metal oxide film. These resistors are mechanically and electrically stable and readable
during high temperature operation.

PRECISION METAL FILM This type is very accurate, ultra low noise resistor. It uses a ceramic
substrate coated with a metal film, all encased in an epoxy shell. These resistors are
used in precision devices, such as test instruments, digital and analog devices, and audio
and video devices.

5. FOIL RESISTOR Foil resistors are similar in characteristics to metal film resistors. Their main
advantages are better stability and lower temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR).
They have excellent frequency response, low TCR, good stability, and are very accurate.
They are manufactured by rolling the same wire materials as used in precision wire
wound resistors to make thin strips of foil.RS

6. FILAMENT RESISTORS Filament resistors are similar to bathtub or boat resistors except that
they are not packaged in a ceramic shell (boat). The individual resistive element with the
leads already crimped is coated with an insulating material, generally a high temperature
varnish. They are used in applications where tolerance, TCR, and stability are not
important but the cost is the governing consideration. The cost of this type is slightly
higher that of carbon composition and the electrical characteristics are better.

7. POWER FILM Power film resistors are similar in manufacture to metal film or carbon film
resistors. They are manufactured and rated as power resistors, with the power rating
being the most important characteristic. Power film resistors are available in higher
maximum values than the power wire wound resistors and have a very good frequency
response. They are generally used in applications requiring good frequency response
and/or higher maximum values. Generally, for power applications the tolerance is wider

8. PRECISION WIRE WOUND the within precision wire wound resistor is a highly accurate
resistor (0.005%) with a very low TCR. A TCR of as little as 3ppm/o C can be achieved.
However these components are too expensive for general use and are normally used in
highly accurate dc applications.
9. HIGH POWER WIRE WOUND these resistors are used for high power applications. Types
include vitreous enamel coated, cement, and aluminum housed wire wound resistors.
Resistive elements are made from a resistive wire that is coiled around a ceramic
cylinder. These are the most durable of the resistors, with high heat dissipation and high
temperature stability. Resistances range from 0.1 Ohm to about 150 kOhm, with power
ratings from around 2 W to as high as 500 W, or more

10. PHOTORESISTORS AND THERMISTORS type also called LDR (Light Dependent Resistor).
Thermistors are temperature sensitive resistors. Increasing the temperature will
decreases the resistance (in most cases). These are special types of resistors that
change resistance when heat or light is applied. Photo-resistors are made from semi-
conductive materials, such as cadmium sulfide. Increasing the light level This type also
called Thermistor NTC (Negative Temperature Coefficient).

11. VARIABLE RESISTORS Variable resistors provide varying degrees of resistance that can be
set with the turn of a knob. Special kinds of variable resistors include potentiometers,
rheostats, and trimmers. Potentiometers and rheostats are essentially the same thing, but
rheostats are used specially for high power AC electricity, whereas potentiometers
typically are used with lower level DC electricity. Both potentiometers and rheostats are
designed for frequent adjustment.
ANSWER SHEET #1

These resistor is provide varying degree of resistance that can be set the turn of a knob.?

VARIABLE RESISTOR
PRECISION WIRE WOUND
HIGH POWER WIRE WOUND
POWER FILM

2. The within precision wire wound resistor is a highly accurate resistor (0.005%) with a
very low TCR?

HIGH POWER WIRE WOUND

POWER FILM
FILAMENT RESISTOR
PRECISION WIRE WOUND

3. This type of resistor that similar to metal film resistors.

A. FILAMENT RESISTOR

B. POWER FILM

C. CARBON FILM

D. PRECISION WIRE WOUND

4. This is the most popular resistor type?

FILAMENT RESISTOR
CARBON FILM
PRECISION WIRE WOUND
POWER FILM

This is similar in manufacture to metal film or carbon film resistor?

A. FILAMENT RESISTOR

B. CARBON FILM

C. POWER FILM

D. PRECISION WIRE WOUND

6. This is type also of resistor that made in carbon material?

 A. PRECISION WIRE WOUND

B. POWER FILM

C. FILAMENT RESISTOR

D.CARBON COMPOSITION

7. Type of resistor also called LDR (Light Dependent Resistor?

A. PHOTORESISTOR AND THERMISTOR

B. CARBON COMPOSITION

C. POWER FILM

D. VARIABLE RESISTOR

8. This type is very accurate, ultra low noise resistor.

A. CARBON COMPOSITION

B. HIGH POWER WIRE WOUND

C. PRECISION METAL FILM

D. FOIL RESISTOR

9. This is similar characteristics of metal film resistor.

A. CARBON COMPOSITION

B. HIGH POWER WIRE WOUND

C. PRECISION METAL FILM

D. FOIL RESISTOR

10. These resistors are used for high power applications.

A. CARBON COMPOSITION

B. HIGH POWER WIRE WOUND

C. PRECISION METAL FILM

D. FOIL RESISTOR

ANSWER KEY #1
A

2. D

3. A

4. B

5. C

6. D

7. A

8. C

9. C

10. B

COMPETENCY BASED LEARNING MATERIALS

LO.2 TO FAMILIARIZE THE ELECTRONICS COMPONENT

Learning Activity Special Instructions

1. Prepare the entire component needed. 1.Check information no.2 : electronics

2. Prepare and check required materials.

Self check

INFORMATION SHEET #2
FAMILIARIZATION OF ELECTRONIC COMPONENT

Definition of Term

Electronics is that branch of science and which makes use of the controlled motion of electrons
through different media and vacuum

Electron is a subatomic particle that carries a negative electric charge. It has no known
components or substructure, and therefore is believed to be an elementary particle.

An electronic circuit is composed of individual electronic components, such as resistors,

transistors, capacitors, inductors and diodes, connected by conductive wires or traces
through which electrical current can flow.

Introduction

An electronic component is a basic electronic element usually packaged in a

discrete form with two or more connecting leads or metallic pads. Components are intended to be
connected together, usually by soldering to a printed circuit board, to create an electronic circuit
with a particular function (for example an amplifier, radio receiver, or oscillator). Components may
be packaged singly (resistor, capacitor, transistor, diode etc.) or in more or less complex groups
as integrated circuits (operational amplifier, resistor array, logic gate et

Wires and connections

Component Circuit Symbol Function of Component
To pass current very easily from one part of
Wire a circuit to another.
A 'blob' should be drawn where wires are
connected (joined), but it is sometimes
Wires joined omitted. Wires connected at 'crossroads'
should be staggered slightly to form two T-
junctions, as shown on the right.
In complex diagrams it is often necessary
to draw wires crossing even though they
are not connected. I prefer the 'bridge'
Wires not joined symbol shown on the right because the
simple crossing on the left may be misread
as a join where you have forgotten to add a
'blob'!

Power Supplies
Component Circuit Symbol Function of Component
Supplies electrical energy.
The larger terminal (on the left) is positive (+).
Cell A single cell is often called a battery, but strictly
a battery is two or more cells joined together.

Supplies electrical energy. A battery is more

Battery than one cell.
The larger terminal (on the left) is positive (+).
 Supplies electrical energy.
DC supply DC = Direct Current, always flowing in one
direction.
Supplies electrical energy.
AC supply AC = Alternating Current, continually changing
direction.
A safety device which will 'blow' (melt) if the
Fuse current flowing through it exceeds a specified
value.
Two coils of wire linked by an iron core.
Transformers are used to step up (increase)
and step down (decrease) AC voltages. Energy
Transformer is transferred between the coils by the magnetic
field in the core. There is no electrical
connection between the coils.
A connection to earth. For many electronic
circuits this is the 0V (zero volts) of the power
Earth
supply, but for mains electricity and some radio
(Ground) circuits it really means the earth. It is also
known as ground.

Output Devices: Lamps, Heater, Motor, etc.

Component Circuit Symbol Function of Component
A transducer which converts electrical
energy to light. This symbol is used for a
Lamp (lighting) lamp providing illumination, for example a
car headlamp or torch bulb.
A transducer which converts electrical
energy to light. This symbol is used for a
Lamp (indicator) lamp which is an indicator, for example a
warning light on a car dashboard.
A transducer which converts electrical
Heater energy to heat.

A transducer which converts electrical

Motor energy to kinetic energy (motion).

A transducer which converts electrical

Bell energy to sound.

A transducer which converts electrical

Buzzer energy to sound.

Inductor A coil of wire which creates a magnetic field

(Coil, Solenoid) when current passes through it. It may
have an iron core inside the coil. It can be
used as a transducer converting electrical
energy to mechanical energy by pulling on
 something.

Switches
Component Circuit Symbol Function of Component
Push Switch A push switch allows current to flow only
(push-to- when the button is pressed. This is the
make) switch used to operate a doorbell.

This type of push switch is normally closed

Push-to-Break
(on), it is open (off) only when the button is
Switch pressed.
SPST = Single Pole, Single Throw.
On-Off Switch
An on-off switch allows current to flow only
(SPST) when it is in the closed (on) position.
SPDT = Single Pole, Double Throw.
A 2-way changeover switch directs the flow
2-way Switch of current to one of two routes according to
(SPDT) its position. Some SPDT switches have a
central off position and are described as
'on-off-on'.
DPST = Double Pole, Single Throw.
Dual On-Off A dual on-off switch which is often used to
Switch switch mains electricity because it can
(DPST) isolate both the live and neutral
connections.

Reversing DPDT = Double Pole, Double Throw.

This switch can be wired up as a reversing
Switch switch for a motor. Some DPDT switches
(DPDT) have a central off position.

An electrically operated switch, for

example a 9V battery circuit connected to
the coil can switch a 230V AC mains
Relay circuit.
NO = Normally Open, COM = Common,
NC = Normally Closed.

Capacitors
Component Circuit Symbol Function of Component
A capacitor stores electric charge. A
capacitor is used with a resistor in a
Capacitor timing circuit. It can also be used as a
filter, to block DC signals but pass AC
signals.

Capacitor, A capacitor stores electric charge. This

polarised type must be connected the correct way
round. A capacitor is used with a resistor
in a timing circuit. It can also be used as
a filter, to block DC signals but pass AC
 signals.

A variable capacitor is used in a radio

Variable Capacitor tuner.

This type of variable capacitor (a

trimmer) is operated with a small
Trimmer Capacitor screwdriver or similar tool. It is designed
to be set when the circuit is made and
then left without further adjustment.

Diodes
Component Circuit Symbol Function of Component
A device which only allows current to
Diode flow in one direction.

LED A transducer which converts electrical

Light Emitting Diode energy to light.

A special diode which is used to

Zener Diode maintain a fixed voltage across its
terminals.

Photodiode A light-sensitive diode.

Transistors
Component Circuit Symbol Function of Component

A transistor amplifies current. It can be used with other

Transistor NPN components to make an amplifier or switching circuit.

A transistor amplifies current. It can be used with other

Transistor PNP components to make an amplifier or switching circuit.

Phototransistor A light-sensitive transistor.

Audio and Radio Devices

Component Circuit Symbol Function of Component
 A transducer which converts sound to electrical
Microphone energy.

A transducer which converts electrical energy to

Earphone sound.

A transducer which converts electrical energy to

Loudspeaker sound.

A transducer which converts electrical energy to

Piezo Transducer sound.

An amplifier circuit with one input. Really it is a

Amplifier
block diagram symbol because it represents a
(general symbol) circuit rather than just one component.

Aerial A device which is designed to receive or transmit

(Antenna) radio signals. It is also known as an antenna.

Meters and Oscilloscope

Component Circuit Symbol Function of Component
A voltmeter is used to measure voltage.
The proper name for voltage is 'potential
Voltmeter difference', but most people prefer to say
voltage!

Ammeter An ammeter is used to measure current.

A galvanometer is a very sensitive meter

Galvanometer which is used to measure tiny currents, usually
1mA or less.

An ohmmeter is used to measure resistance.

Ohmmeter Most multimeters have an ohmmeter setting.

An oscilloscope is used to display the shape of

Oscilloscope electrical signals and it can be used to
measure their voltage and time period.

Sensors (input devices)

Component Circuit Symbol Function of Component

A transducer which converts brightness (light) to

LDR resistance (an electrical property).
LDR = Light Dependent Resistor

A transducer which converts temperature (heat)

Thermistor to resistance (an electrical property).

Logic Gates

Logic gates process signals which represent true (1, high, +Vs, on) or false (0, low, 0V, off).
For more information please see the Logic Gates page.
There are two sets of symbols: traditional and IEC (International Electro technical Commission).

Gate Traditional
IEC Symbol Function of Gate
Type Symbol
A NOT gate can only have one input.
The 'o' on the output means 'not'. The
output of a NOT gate is the inverse
NOT (opposite) of its input, so the output is
true when the input is false. A NOT gate
is also called an inverter.

An AND gate can have two or more

AND inputs. The output of an AND gate is
true when all its inputs are true.

A NAND gate can have two or more

inputs. The 'o' on the output means 'not'
NAND showing that it is a Not AND gate. The
output of a NAND gate is true unless all
its inputs are true.

An OR gate can have two or more

OR inputs. The output of an OR gate is true
when at least one of its inputs is true.

A NOR gate can have two or more

inputs. The 'o' on the output means 'not'
NOR showing that it is a Not OR gate. The
output of a NOR gate is true when none
of its inputs are true.

An EX-OR gate can only have two

inputs. The output of an EX-OR gate is
EX-OR true when its inputs are different (one
true, one false).

EX- An EX-NOR gate can only have two

NOR inputs. The 'o' on the output means 'not'
showing that it is a Not EX-OR gate. The
output of an EX-NOR gate is true when
its inputs are the same (both true or both
 false).

ANSWER SHEET #2

1. A transducer which converts electrical energy to heat?

 A. MOTOR

B. HEATER

C. BATTERY

D. OSCILLOSCOPE
2. Is used to display the shape of electrical signals and it can be used to measure their voltage
and time period?

A. MOTOR

B. HEATER

C. BATTERY

D. OSCILLOSCOPE

3. Is used to measure resistance?

A. MOTOR

B. HEATER

C. BATTERY

D. OHMMETER

4. Is used to measure current?

A. OHMMETER

B. GALVANOMETER

C. AMMETER

D. VOLTMETER

5. Is used to measure voltage?

A. OHMMETER

B. GALVANOMETER

C. AMMETER

D. VOLTMETER

6. Is a very sensitive meter which is used to measure tiny currents, usually 1mA or less?

A. OHMMETER

B. GALVANOMETER

C. AMMETER

D. VOLTMETER

7. Process of signal which represent true or false?

 A. LOGIC GATES

B. INTEGRATED CIRCUIT

C. MICROPHONE

D. DIODE

8. A transducer which converts sound to electrical energy?

A. LOGIC GATES

B. INTEGRATED CIRCUIT

C. MICROPHONE

D. DIODE

9. A device which only allows current to flow in one direction?

A. LOGIC GATES

B. INTEGRATED CIRCUIT

C. MICROPHONE

D. DIODE
10. A transducer which converts electrical energy to light?

A. ZENER DIODE

B. LIGHT EMITTING DIODE

C. PHOTODIODE

D. DIODE

ANSWER KEY #2

1. B
 2. D

3. D

4. C

5. D

6. B

7. A

8. C

9. D

10. B

COMPETENCY BASED IN LEARNING MATERIAL

LO.3 Solder/ Desolder to the board.

Learning Activity
1. Prepare the entire component needed. 1.Check information no.3

2. View job sheet no.3

2. Prepare and check required materials.

INFORMATION SHEET #3

SOLDER/DESOLDER OF THE BOARD

Introduction

There are many types of soldering pencils, guns and irons that are adequate for home use.
Most home-use soldering tools are heated electrically. There are soldering tips that can be
used with your propane torch. There is even a small refillable butane gas-powered soldering
tool.

A good soldering technician observes the following stages of preparation for each job.

1. Cleaning all components, circuit boards, tools, and materials to be used for the soldering
process.
2. Selecting the flux.
3. Determining the heat to be used and the length of time to do the job, which are based on
the thermal mass of the parts to be connected?
4. Selecting the solder.
5. Choosing the flux remover.

How to Desolder

Step 1: Equipment
Desoldering requires two main things: a soldering iron and a device to remove solder.
Soldering irons are the heat source used to melt solder. Irons of the 15W to 30W range
are good for most electronics/printed circuit board work. Anything higher in wattage and
you risk damaging either the component or the board. Note that you should not use so-
called soldering guns. These are very high wattage and generate most of their heat by
passing an electrical current through a wire. Because of this, the wire carries a stray
voltage that could damage circuits and components. The choice of your solder removing
device is also important. There are two main ones; vacuum pumps (solder suckers) and
solder wick. They both do the same thing, so what you use will depend on your personal
opinion or experiences. I suggest keeping both on hand though, as you may find that
each works well in different situations. Solder suckers usually look like large syringes.
There is a spring loaded plunger, and a button to release it. The plunger is pushed
down. When you want to suck up the solder, you position the nozzle over the
molten solder and hit the button. The plunger moves up, creating a vacuum and sucking
up the solder. Solder wick, on the other hand, has no moving parts. It looks like wick used
in oil lamps, except that it is made of copper. To use it, you put the wick over the joint and
heat it. One thing to note about solder wick is that it is expensive, and because it is
expendable, a solder sucker may be a better choice if you plan to do a lot of desoldering.
I personally prefer to use a sucker to remove most of the solder, then finish up with the
wick.

Remember that when desoldering, the resin in the solder and the coating on the board
may releases fumes. These fumes are harmful to your eyes and lungs. Therefore, always
work in a well ventilated area. Hot solder is also dangerous. Be sure not to let it splash
around because it will burn you almost instantly. Eye protection is also advised.

Step 2: Surface Preparation

There isn't really too much to worry about when removing solder. Just make sure to get
any grease, varnish or glue off the joint before you start heating. If you don't, you will
probably foul the tip of your soldering iron pretty quickly.

Step 3: Apply Heat

 Lay the iron tip so that it rests against both the component lead and the board. Normally,
it takes one or two seconds to heat the component up enough to solder, but larger
components and larger soldering pads on the board can increase the time.
Step 4: Remove Solder
Solder Sucker
Push down the plunger so it locks into place. Usually, you will feel or hear a click. If the
tool has been used before, a small "plug" of solder may be pushed out of the nozzle.
Once the solder sucker is cocked, put the nozzle into the molten solder and press the
button. The plunger will pop up quickly take the solder with it. This should remove most, if
not all, the solder from the joint. Don't worry if the tip softens a little, but don't melt it. You
may need to repeat this step a few times in order to get all the solder.
Solder Wick
You will probably want to heat the wick first. Before applying any heat to the joint, lay the
wick over it and put the tip of the iron on the wick. It will take a second or two to heat up,
but once it is hot you will feel the wick slide. You should also see the solder flow into it.
You probably won't have to repeat this step. Once a section of wick is filled with solder, it
is used up and must be replaced. Since the wick comes on a spool, all you need to do is
cut off the used sections and take some more off the spool.
Step 5: Clean Up
You may wish to clean the solder pad and surrounding pad to remove any resin and left
over solder. There are commercial products available to take off the resin, but 000 steel
wool works well of you are careful.

Damaged Solder Pads

Occasionally, you may damage a solder pad in your efforts. Usually, this just involves lifting the
pad from the board, but not actually separating the traces. If this is the case, then it should be fine
if you just leave it. If this is not the case and you actually break the trace, you will need to use a
small piece of wire to connect the pad to where it is supposed to go. Just follow the trace until you
find a suitable location for soldering. Usually, this is the next closest solder joint. Then, jumper the
wire between the two points.

OPERATIONAL SHEET
 Operation Title: SOLDER/DESOLDER OF THE BOARD

Purpose: the student will learn how to execute the proper

Solder/desolder of the board.

Condition/situation
For the operation: you need the materials needed are complete.

Laboratory works: Soldering iron, soldering stand, soldering lead,

Soldering paste.
Procedure:

1. Use heatsinks. Heatsinks are a must for the leads of sensitive components such as ICs
and transistors. If you don't have a clip on heatsink, then a pair of pliers is a good
substitute.
2. Keep the iron tip clean. A clean iron tip means better heat conduction. Use a wet
sponge to clean the tip between joints.
3. Check the pads. Use a continuity tester to check to make sure you did not damage the
pad or trace when you removed the solder. If you did, then follow the steps above to fix it.
4. Use the proper iron. Remember that bigger joints will take longer to heat up with a 30W
iron than with a 150W iron. While 30W is good for printed circuit boards and the like,
higher wattages are great when desoldering heavy connections, such as those to a
chassis.
5. Use both a solder sucker and solder wick. Use a solder sucker to remove the majority
of the solder, then follow up with the wick to finish things up..
EVIDENCE GUIDE

UNIT OF COMPETENCY: KNOWING ABOUT ELECTRONICS

LO1. TO FAMILIARIZE THE COLOR CODING OF RESISTOR

Learning Activity Special Instruction

1. Prepare the assorted value of resistors. 1. Read information no.1

2. Prepare and check required material.

3. Self check.

LO.2 to familiarize electronics component

Learning Activity Special Instructions

1. Prepare the entire component needed. 1.Check information no.2 : electronics

2. Prepare and check required materials.