DATA COLLECTION

AND SAMPLING
TECHNIQUES
DATA COLLECTION
Data collection happens when you
gather and analyze valuable information
(e.g., names, email addresses, customer
feedback, and website analytics) from a
variety of sources to build compelling
marketing campaigns, learn more about
your customers, or create financial budgets.
Primary Data-collection Methods
When the party conducting the research collects data, it’s
considered primary data, as opposed to secondary data, which
an external source collects and references.
Some of the primary data-collection methods are
quantitative, dealing with countable data. Others are qualitative,
meaning that they consider factors other than numerical values.
TWO TYPES OF PRIMARY DATA:
• QUANTITATIVE DATA
It is anything that can be counted or
measured; it refers to numerical data. It can
tell you “how many,” “how much,” or “how
often”. It is analyzed using statistical
analysis.
TYPES OF QUANTITATIVE DATA

• Discrete Quantitative Data

• Continuous Quantitative Data
TWO TYPES OF PRIMARY DATA:
• QUALITATIVE DATA
It is descriptive, referring to things that
can be observed but not measured—such as
colors or emotions. It is collected by
interviewing and observing. It is analyzed by
grouping it in terms of meaningful categories
or themes.
TYPES OF QUALITATIVE DATA

• Nominal Data
• Ordinal Data
COMMON METHODS
OF DATA COLLECTION
 QUANTITATIVE DATA
COLLECTION METHODS

Survey
Analytic Environmental
And
Tools Sensors
Questionnaires
QUALITATIVE DATA
COLLECTION METHODS

Interviews Survey Observations

And
Questionnaires
Secondary Data Collection Methods
Secondary data is data collected by someone other than
the actual user. It means that the information is already
available, and someone analyses it. The secondary data includes
magazines, newspapers, books, journals, etc. It may be either
published data or unpublished data.
Secondary Data Collection Methods
• Government publications
• Public records
• Historical and statistical documents
• Business documents
• Technical and trade journals
SAMPLING METHODS
IN DATA COLLECTION
SAMPLING
Sampling is the process of identifying a
subset of a population that provides an accurate
reflection on the whole. It can be a tricky process,
as populations are often diverse. However, there are
some statistical methods that can make sure a small
subset of the community accurately represents the
whole group.
TWO TYPES OF SAMPLING
1. Probability sampling methods.
2. Non-probability sampling methods.
PROBABILITY SAMPLING
METHODS
Probability sampling is also called as random
sampling or representative sampling. In probability
sampling every member of the population has a known
(non-zero) probability of being included in the sample.
The probabilities can be assigned to each unit of the
population objectively.
 TYPES OF PROBABILITY
SAMPLING METHODS:

Simple Random Systematic Stratified Cluster

Sampling Sampling Random Sampling
Sampling
Simple Random Sampling
In this type of sampling, each and
every element of the population has an
equal chance of being selected in the
sample. The population must contain a
finite number of elements that can be
listed or mapped.
Example: Simple Random Sampling
The names of 25 employees being chosen out of a hat
from a company of 250 employees. In this case, the
population is all 250 employees, and the sample is random
because each employee has an equal chance of being
chosen.
 Random Sampling Techniques

Random Lottery Physical Methods Random Number Table

Online Random Random Number

Number Generator from Excel
Systematic Sampling
Since simple random sampling of a
population can be inefficient and time-
consuming, statisticians turn to other methods,
such as systematic sampling. Choosing a sample
size through a systematic approach can be done
quickly. Once a fixed starting point has been
identified, a constant interval is selected to
facilitate participant selection.
Example: Systematic Sampling
As a hypothetical example of systematic sampling,
assume that, in a population of 10,000 people, a statistician
selects every 100th person for sampling. The sampling
intervals can also be systematic, such as choosing a new
sample to draw from every 12 hours.
Systematic Sampling
As another example, if you wanted to select
a random group of 1,000 people from a
population of 50,000 using systematic
sampling, all the potential participants must
be placed on a list and a starting point
would be selected.
Stratified Random Sampling
Stratified random sampling is a method of
sampling that involves the division of a population
into smaller subgroups known as strata. In
stratified random sampling, or stratification, the
strata are formed based on members’ shared
attributes or characteristics, such as income or
educational attainment.
Example: Stratified Random
Sampling
Suppose a research team wants to determine the grade
point average (GPA) of college students across the United
States. The research team has difficulty collecting data from
all 21 million college students; it decides to take a random
sample of the population by using 4,000 students.
Cluster Sampling
The group of elements residing in one
geographical region is called a cluster. Sampling of
clusters is called cluster sampling.
This sampling technique is used when the elements of
population are spread over a wide geographical area. The
population is divided into sub-groups called as clusters
on the basis of their geographical allocation.
Example: Cluster Sampling
The company has offices in 10 cities across the country (all
with roughly the same number of employees in similar roles). You
don’t have the capacity to travel to every office to collect your data,
so you use random sampling to select 3 offices – these are your
clusters.
NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING
METHODS
Non-Probability sampling is also called as judgment
or non-random sampling. Every unit of population does
not get an equal chance of participation in the
investigation. No random selection is made. The selection
of the sample is made on the basis of subjective
judgment of the investigator.
 TYPES OF NON-PROBABILITY
SAMPLING METHODS:

Convenience Voluntary Purposive Snow Ball Quota

Sampling Response Sampling Sampling Sampling
Sampling
Convenience Sampling
A convenience sample simply
includes the individuals who happen to
be most accessible to the researcher.
Convenience samples are at risk
for both sampling bias and selection
bias.
Example: Convenience Sampling
You are researching opinions about student support
services in your university, so after each of your classes, you
ask your fellow students to complete a survey on the topic. This
is a convenient way to gather data, but as you only surveyed
students taking the same classes as you at the same level, the
sample is not representative of all the students at your
university.
Voluntary Response Sampling
Similar to a convenience sample, a
voluntary response sample is mainly based
on ease of access. Instead of the researcher
choosing participants and directly
contacting them, people volunteer
themselves.
Example: Voluntary Response
Sampling
You send out the survey to all students at your university
and a lot of students decide to complete it. This can certainly
give you some insight into the topic, but the people who
responded are more likely to be those who have strong
opinions about the student support services, so you can’t be
sure that their opinions are representative of all students.
Purposive Sampling
This type of sampling, also known as
judgement sampling, involves the researcher
using their expertise to select a sample that is
most useful to the purposes of the research.
It is often used in qualitative research,
where the researcher wants to gain detailed
knowledge about a specific phenomenon rather
than make statistical inferences, or where the
population is very small and specific.
Example: Purposive Sampling
You want to know more about the opinions and
experiences of disabled students at your university, so you
purposefully select a number of students with different
support needs in order to gather a varied range of data on
their experiences with student services.
Snowball Sampling
If the population is hard to
access, snowball sampling can be
used to recruit participants via other
participants. The number of people
you have access to “snowballs” as
you get in contact with more people.
Example: Snowball Sampling
You are researching experiences of homelessness in
your city. Since there is no list of all homeless people in
the city, probability sampling isn’t possible. You meet one
person who agrees to participate in the research, and she
puts you in contact with other homeless people that she
knows in the area.
Quota Sampling
Used for wanting more control over the population
selections of participant that meet the criteria as strata.
Created strata was based on income, gender, race,
among many other possibilities. The definition of quota
is the number of participants for each group.
Determining first the numbers of participants during
the planning phase before searching for subjects.
2 Types of Quota Sampling
• Controlled Quota Sampling
• Uncontrolled Quota Sampling
Example: Quota Sampling
Researcher is tasked with the responsibility of
evaluating the impact of pregnancy during studying in
college at BISU. The total cases of pregnancy during
college is 500; the quota or sample size will be 50
participants.