1

TOURISM
 Accommodation 2

Transport Entertainment

Tourism
Food &
Attraction
Beverage

Get Away Shopping

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Of course Tourism consists of all these items which
together satisfy the varied needs of the travelers.

Travel may be considered touristic if it satisfies the

following conditions:

1. Travel Must be Temporary

2. Travel must be voluntary
3. Travel should not have remunerative employment as its
objective.
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Other terminology of Tourism
 Paryatan: In sanskrit means leaving
one’s residence to travel for the sake of rest
and for seeking knowledge.
 Deshatan: another word which means
travelling for economic benefits
 Tirthatan: means travelling for religious
purposes.
 5
Tourism related Concepts…..

 Visitors:A visitor is any person visiting a country other than that in

which he/she has his/her usual place of residence, for any other
reason than following an occupation from within the country
visited.
 Excursionist: An excursionist is a day visitor who stays for less than
24 hours at a place. Excursionist do not stay overnight.
 Tourist:A tourist is a temporary visitor to a place. They stay at the
place overnight, i.e. for at least 24 hours.
 6
Primary Constituents
Hotel, Transport, F & B Outlets, Travel
Agents & Tour Operators, Guides &
Escorts. Tourism Organizations.

Constituents of the Tourism

Secondary Constituents
Shops and state emporiums Industry
Arts & Crafts
Banks
Insurance Companies,
Communication services
Publishers
Hawkers and Coolies
Local transport etc.
 7
Nature of tourism
 Because of its complexity, tourism is a combination of phenomena and relationship.
 It has two way essential elements: the dynamic (journey) and the static (stay).
 The journey and stay are to and from destinations outside the place of residence and
work.
 The movement to destination is temporary and short-term with the intention to
return within few days, weeks or months.
 Destination are visited for purposes, connected with paid work, that is, not to be
employed and not for business or vocational reasons.
 8

According to UNWTO, tourism is

WHEN A PERSON IS TRAVELLING FROM ONE PLACE TO ANOTHER
FOR THE PERIOD OF MORE THAN 24 HOURS AND LESS THAN 365
DAYS, THE PURPOSE OF THE TRAVEL IS LEISURE, BUSINESS OR
ANY OTHER TRAVEL RELATED ACTIVITIES, THE PERSON SHOULD
BE AWAY FROM HIS/HER USUAL PLACE.
THE WHOLE PHENOMENON IS TOURISM.
Tourism is an inter-disciplinary
9
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Characteristics of Tourism & Hospitality Industry

 Perishability is relating to the fact that services can not be stored. They must be consumed when
offered, they can not be held or stocked.

Variability is when the quality of services varies due to who provides them. Also where, when
and how they are provided.

Inseparability is when services can not be separated from there providers.

Intangibility is when services can not be seen, tasted, heard, smelt or felt. Services are performed
not produced.
 Heterogeneity is a fundamental characteristic of services which results in variation from one
service to another, or variation in the same service from day-to-day or from customer-to-
customer. Heterogeneity makes it hard for a firm to standardize the quality of its services
 11
Five “A”s of Tourism

 Accessibility
 Accommodation
 Amenities
 Attractions
 Activities
 12
Five other categories of Tourist Attractions

 Cultural: Sites and areas of archaeological interest; historical buildings and

monuments, place of historical importance, museums, religious institutions etc.
 Traditions: National festivals, art & handicrafts, music, dance, folklore, native life,
tradition and customs etc.
 Scenery: National Parks, Wildlife, Flora and Fauna, beach resorts, mountain resorts,
landscape etc
 Entertainment: Participation and watching sports, amusement and recreation parks,
cinema, theatre, night life, cuisine etc.
 Other attractions: Climate, health resort & spa, unique attractions not available
elsewhere etc.
 13
Travel Motivators

Travel motivators can be defined as those factors that create a desire in people to
travel.

 Relaxation and refreshment of body and mind

 Health
 Pleasure
 Curiosity and culture
 Interpersonal reasons
 Spiritual purpose
 Professional or business reason.
 14
Travel Barriers

Travel barriers can be defined as those factors that restrict or stop people to travel.

 Climate or Weather
 Political Condition
 Cost
 Lack of time
 Family Stage
 Health limitations
 Lack of interest
 15
Level of Tourism

 Local Tourist: Travelling within the boundary of the

country.
 Inter-Regional Tourist: Travels between various
regions, e.g. someone from England to Japan.
(Different Continent)
 Intra – Regional Tourist: Within the same region as
someone from England visiting France. (Within a
Continent)
 16
Push and Pull Factors in Tourism

Push Factors Pull Factors

 Stage of economic development in the generating  Attractions of the destination area which
area or difference between the stages of economic are either natural (such as the climate or
development in the two markets.
topography)
 Distribution and density of population
 Easy accessibility
 Health issues of individuals
 Relative cost of visit
 An unfavorable climate will also push one to move
out.  Marketing and Promotion.
 Politics of the country.
 Values & Lifestyle.
 17
Distribution of Tourism Expenditures

Visitors Spend For Travel Industry Spend Ultimate Beneficiaries

For
Lodging, F & B, Wages & Salaries, Accountants, Government,
Entertainment, Shopping (gift Tips, gratuities, Pay Education, Architects, Travel
& souvenir), Internal roll taxes, Agent, operators, Resorts,
transportation tours & Commissions, restaurants, Gift shops,
sightseeing, Miscellaneous Advertisement, insurance agencies,
promotion, Purchase
of F & B,
18
 19
Forms of Tourism

 Inbound Traveller: They are non-residents of a country visiting a

country other than their own. In other words, they are coming into a
country, for example in the case of India, a Japanese visiting India as a
tourist.
 Outbound Traveller: They are residents of a country visiting a country
other than their own. In other words, they are going out of the country,
for example, in case of India, Indian resident visiting Singapore as
tourist.
 Domestic Traveller: They travel within their own country. For example
an Indian family travel from Ranchi to Kerala for leisure purpose.
 20
Types of Tourism

 Religious Tours Sports Tours

 Cultural Tours
Eco - Tourism
 Rural Tours Adventure Tours

 Ethnic Tours Special Interest Tours

 Medical / Health Tours Space Tours
 VFR Cruise Tours
 Gourmet Tours Agri Tours
 21

History of Tourism
 History of Tourism 22

…. contd

 Concept of Tourism is as old as mankind itself.

 The origin of the word ‘tourist’ has come from the word ‘tour’ derived from the
latin word ‘tornus’ meaning a tool for describing a circle or a wheel which signifies
movement.
 The lust for seeing new places and knowing new things is an inborn desire of
human beings.
 The nomads moved in search of pastures, Vascodagama and Christopher Columbus
set sail to discover new lands, the Chinese travelers Hieun Tsang and Fahien came
to India as travelers, Meghasthenes came as a Greek envoy, the Britishers travelled
throughout the length and breadth of the world for trade and commerce which
lead to establishment of colonies.
 History of Tourism 23

…. contd

 Early Civilizations: (Around 10,000 BC to 5,00 BC)

• 8000 BC: Agriculture was developed in the Middle East.

• 5000 BC: Water transportation in the form of rafts and canoes were developed.
• 3500 – 3000 BC: Wheel was developed by Mesopotamian. (major landmark in the
travel industry). Sailboats were developed by Egyptians.
• 2800 -2175 BC: The Sphinx and all major pyramids were built by the Egyptian.
• 2000 BC: Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro civilization emerged.
• 1000 -500 BC: Roads were constructed for chariots, wagons, and carriages.
• 776 BC: Olympic games started in Athens, Greece.
 History of Tourism 24

…. contd

 The Imperial Era: (Around 5,00 BC to 1800 AD)

• 241 BC: Romans developed the road systems with bridges.

• 214 BC: Construction work for the Great Wall began in China.
• 100 BC: Religious travel started; beginning of pilgrimages in Rome.
• 50 -200 AD: Kushan emperors opened and protected the Silk Road.
• 1400 – 1500 AD: Navigation improved and longer voyages were undertaken.
• 1660 AD: The Grand Tour (traditional trip of Europe) undertaken by mainly upper
– class European young men.
 History of Tourism 25

…. contd
 The Industrial Era: (Around 18th to 19th Century)
• 1825 -30 AD: Rail locomotive with a steam engine was used for transport of passengers and
goods.
• 1841 AD: Thomas Cook, the pioneer travel agent organized a special train to carry 570
passengers from Leicester to Loughborough to attend a meeting.
• 1843 AD: Thomas Cook took nearly 3000 school children on a trip from Leicester to Derby.
• 1903 AD: The invention of automobile and their mass production is regarded as one of the
finest technological advancement. Wright brothers, Orville and Wilbur were invented and
started sailing their prototype air plane in Dec 1903 near Kitty Hawk, North Carolina.
• 1919 AD: Air Travel became commercial, shortly after World War I offering daily flights between
London and Paris.
• 1960 AD: ITDC was established to provide people western comforts to International visitors at
 History of Tourism 26

…. contd

 Modern Era: (20th Century)

 Open Sky Policy

 Private motor coach
 Luxury Holidays
 Annual paid holidays
 Invention of airbus A-380
 Concept of niche tourism
Travel Agent
* The term “travel agent” was coined in the early years of the
18th century.

* The development of organized travel can be associated with

Thomas Cook, the founder of Thomas Cook Group Limited
worldwide.

* Hectic life schedules, work pressure, etc. made tourist to

contact travel agent for easy and hassle free tour arrangements.
* Travel Agents serve as a link between the travel suppliers
and the tourists.

* Travel Agents are retailer.

* Travel Agents are also referred to as “travel consultants”

“travel counsellors”
Travel Agent: - Travel Agents acts as intermediaries serving
between the various service providers and travel consumers.

Airlines
(domestic &
International
air tickets)
Transport
Operator
(e.g. car, Tour Operator
coach)

Travel
Agency

Hotel Cruises

Tourist
(Individual/group
)
So the best way to define a travel agent as “It is an
individual, a business firm, or company which acts as an
intermediary in the sales and promotion of different
travel related services, such as accommodation, airlines,
railways, road transport, cruises, etc. and earn
commission received on selling services to its clients.”
 Types of Travel Agency
1. Retail Travel Agency
2. Wholesale Travel Agency
3. Full Service Agency
4. Commercial Agency
5. Implant Agency
6. Special Interest Travel Agency
7. E-Travel or Online Travel Agents
 Function of a Travel Agency
 Providing travel-related information
 Planning tour itineraries
 Liaising with the tourism suppliers / vendors
 Tour Costing
 Ticketing – domestic / International
 Reservations
 Documentation
 Settlements of accounts
 Trade Fairs/business tours/meetings, incentives, conference, and exhibitions (MICE)
 Role of a Travel Agency in the Tourism Industry

 Travel Agents play an important role in promoting and developing any new tourist destination.
 They have contributed significantly to the growth of domestic, inbound, and outbound tourism.
 Foreign Exchange earnings from inbound tourist have boosted the economy of the country.
 More than 70% of tourist traffic is generated by the travel agents.
 The travel agents give around 60-80% business to airlines.
 The travel agency serves as a convenient location for the tourist in meeting and purchasing their travel
requirements.
 It also helps in providing ancillary services such as passport, visa, insurance, foreign exchange etc.
 The travel agent, while selling travel products, promotes tourism in the country.
 Domestic tourism not only helps in revenue earnings but is also important for national integration. Tourism is
also promoted within the country.
 Requirements for Setting up a Travel Agency

 Enough finance to run a business

 A centrally located premises or near a business centre
 Qualified and Trained staff
 Approvals from government and other organization, such as India
Tourism Office, Minister of Tourism, IATA, and TAAI.
 Authorization to sell on behalf of principal suppliers, such as hotels,
transport operators etc.
 37

“
”
Travel Agent is RETAILER
TOUR OPERATOR
* Tour Operator is professional who should have all the required skills,
expertise, and knowledge of organizing travel.

* The Tour Operator assembles all the different components of travel and sells
it as a package tour, to and from a destination, with complete ground
arrangements.

* The tour operator offers different kinds of package tours as per the
requirements of individual travelers, groups, retail travel agencies, business
firms, etc.
So Precisely ………….
Tour Operator is one who has the responsibility of
putting the tour ingredients together, marketing it,
making reservations, handling all financial and
accounting aspects, and selecting as well as managing
tour managers.
Tour Operator is WHOLESELLER.
 Types of Tour Operators

Inbound – Tourist coming into the country from overseas.

Outbound – Tourist going into the overseas from country.

Domestic – Tour conduct within the country.

 Responsibility of a Tour Operator

1. Providing information of the tourist destinations, different kinds of

accommodation available, transport, facilities, any entertainment, etc.
2. Planning the tour effectively.
3. Coordinating and Liaisoning with the service providers or principals
suppliers.
4. Monitoring the entire operation of the tour. In case of any problem,
providing some alternative arrangements with least inconvenience to the
tourist.
 Package Tours

A tour package is a total tourism product which is planned and

operated for either independent travelers or for groups, to a
single destination or to multiple destinations.

It consists of air travel (generally) and land arrangements

segments for a specified number of days, with a set of tangible
and intangible features for a set price.
 Components of a Package Tour

1. Accommodation
2. Travel by Airlines / Railway
3. Transfers to and from airport/railway, and hotels.
4. Sightseeing
5. Guide / Escort.
 Package tours based on

1. Destinations
a) Single country package tours
b) Area tour package tours
c) Single city tour package tour
d) Two city tour package tour
2. Interests of the tourists – as per the needs and interests of the tourist.
e) Cultural sites / Historical sites – Taj Mahal, Lake Palace etc.
f) Special Interest Tours – Palace on Wheels, Kalka Shimla Toy train etc.
g) Adventure tours – Trekking, Mountaineering, Paragliding etc.
h) Sports tours – Olympics, F1 Car Racing , Cricket, Football etc.
 Package Tours + & -

Advantages (+)
1. Package tours save time, as the TO plans and organize the travel details with the principal suppliers,
for the tourist.
2. Unnecessary correspondence is also reduced.
3. They work out to be cheaper than the other tours.
Disadvantages (-)
4. Package tours are planned well in advance and do not have personal choice of destinations for the
tourist.
5. The tourist can not change the itinerary as per his/her choice as it is already preplanned and prepaid.
6. Some tourists may be not interested in visiting all the places mentioned in the package tour.
 Types of Package Tours

1. Independent Tours
2. Inclusive Tours
3. Escorted Tours
4. Business Tours
 Guides and Escorts

Guide – A guide serves as a public relations representative for his/her particular site, city,
region, and country.
a) Location Guide (Monument, museum, wildlife etc.)
b) City Guide

Escort – An escort has to accompany the tourists right from commencement till the end of
the tour. He/She has to perform the tour of a tour leader or a tour manager. The escort
has to look after the facilitation of the tour such as the check – in formalities, customs
clearances, etc. The escort have to take care of the tourist, throughout the tour and as the
destination.
 Escort 50
Task:

 Escorts group on city and establishment tours, describes points of interest, and
responds to questions.
 Provides directions and other pertinent information to visitors.
 Assumes responsibility for safety of group.
 Speaks foreign language to communicate with foreign visitors.

Knowledge:
 Customer and Personal Service
 Foreign Language.
 Escort 51
Skill:

 Speaking
 Service Orientation
 Active Listening
 Social Perceptiveness
 Time management
 Coordination
 Identification of key Causes
 Judgment and Decision Making