Lec 3
Lec 3
Engineering
Chapter (1)
Prepared by: Dr/ Shaymaa Ahmed
Electrostatic Machines
• The principle of charge transfer technique has been used to develop electrostatic machines
to give very high dc voltage.
• These machines give up to 5000 kV on open circuit.
• One of these machines is named after Van de Graff and it is developed and improved to
give 5000 to 6000 kV in several nuclear physics laboratories.
• One of the major disadvantages of these generators is that they cannot supply a load
current more than 250 mA at very high voltages and their terminal voltage drops quickly
with loading.
• Therefore, these generators are mainly used for research work in nuclear physics
laboratories for providing dc supply to particle accelerators.
Van de Graff generators
Where:
• The most common form of voltage for testing HV equipment is the HVAC since most of electrical
networks use it for transmission and distribution.
• Therefore, this type of voltage is widely used in research work for testing electrical insulation
systems.
• Every HV laboratory should be equipped with HV supplies in the range of 10 kV r.m.s up to 1.5 MV
for testing purposes.
• Most of ac voltage tests are carried out at nominal power-frequency (50 or 60 Hz) of the test object.
• For routine testing, the voltage levels for power-frequency testing are always related to the highest
r.m.s phase-to-phase voltage Vm of power transmission systems. This “rated power-frequency short
duration withstand voltage” Vt takes different values for different apparatus used within the
transmission systems.
Vt /Vm = 1.9 for Vm < 300 kV
Vt /Vm < 1.9 for Vm > 300 kV
Pn k V 2 C
2
1.1 6 610 2 501 0010 12
3
14715.624 VA
14.7 kVA
» 15 kVA
• Proper damping resistors are almost provided between the HV testing supply and the equipment
under test to:
• Reduce the rate of the sudden voltage drop and
• To avoid any over voltages within the test circuit caused by interruptions of the breakdown
phenomena. Nominal values of such damping resistors between 10 kΩ and 100 kΩ will usually
not influence the test conditions. Two main methods for the generation of high ac testing
voltages;
• 1- Transformers 2- Resonant circuits.
• Single unit transformers are used when the test voltage requirements are less than about 300 kV.
• For higher voltage requirements, a single unit construction becomes difficult and costly due to:
• Insulation problems.
• Transportation and erection of large transformers become difficult.
• Therefore, series connection or cascading several identical units of transformers, where the HV
windings of all the units effectively connected in series, is used to overcome the above
mentioned drawbacks.
Cascaded Transformers
• Advantages
• High voltage AC generation at low cost.
• Extension and flexibility of cascading transformers 3-Size and weight of
each individual unit is reduced.
• Disadvantages
• Heavy loading of the primary windings for the lower stages.
• Higher voltage drop.
• Existence of harmonics in voltage waveform.