Agenda

 OSI Model
 TCP/IP Model
 Protocols at each layer
 Different network topologies
The OSI Model
 OSI “ Open Systems Interconnection".
 OSI model was first introduced in 1984 by the International Organization for
Standardization (ISO).
– Outlines WHAT needs to be done to send data from one computer to
another.
– Not HOW it should be done.
– Protocols stacks handle how data is prepared for transmittal (to be
transmitted)
 In the OSI model, The specification needed
– are contained in 7 different layers that interact with each other.
 The model acts as a frame of reference in the design of communications
and networking products so that all of our hardware and software talks
nicely to each other.
What is layering in Networked
computing?

– Breaks down communication into smaller, simpler parts.

Why a layered model?

– Easier to teach communication process.

– Speeds development, changes in one layer does not
affect how the other levels works.
– Standardization across manufactures.
– Allows different hardware and software to work together
– Reduces complexity
7 Layer OSI Model

 Why use a reference model?

– Serves as an outline of rules for how protocols can be used to allow
communication between computers.
– Each layer has its own function and provides support to other layers.

 Other reference models are in use.

– Most well known is the TCP/IP reference model.
– We will compare OSI and TCP/IP models

 As computing requirements increased, the network modeling had to evolve to meet

ever increasing demands of larger networks and multiple venders.

 Problems and technology advances also added to the demands for changes in
network modeling.
Division of Layers

7. Application
Upper Layers
6. Presentation

5. Session
Middle Layer
4. Transport

3. Network

2. Data Link Lower Layers

1. Physical
What Each Layer Does

2
 Application Layer

 Gives end-user applications access

to network resources

3
Presentation Layer

Data translation
Encryption
Character set conversion
Expansion of graphics
3 command
Session Layer

 Allows applications to
maintain an ongoing session
 Synchronization between
sender and receiver
 Assignment of time for
transmission
– Start time
– End time etc.

3
Transport Layer

 Provides reliable data delivery

 For sending data
Repackage the message to fit into
packets
 Split long messages
 Assemble small messages
 On receiving data
– Perform the reverse
– Send an acknowledgment to the
sender
 Solve packet problems
– During transmission and 3

reception (error detection and

correction)
Transport layer

The transport layer is responsible for

the delivery of a message from one
process to another.
 Network Layer

 Provides network-wide addressing

and a mechanism to move packets
between networks (routing)

 Responsibilities:
– Network addressing
Routing of data
– Based on priority
– Best path at the time of transmission
 Congestion control
3
 Network layer

The network layer is responsible for

the delivery of individual packets from
the source host to the destination host.
Data Link Layer

 Places data and retrieves it from the

physical layer and provides error
detection capabilities
 Point of origin
– Packages data for transmission
over physical line
 Receiving end
– Packages data for submission
to the network layer
 Deals with network transmission
protocols
3
– IEEE 802. protocols
 Data link layer

The data link layer is responsible for

moving frames from one hop (node) to
the next.
 Sub-layers of the Data Link Layer

 MAC (Media Access Control)

– Gives data to the NIC
– Controls access to the media through:
 CSMA/CD Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision
Detection
 Token passing

 LLC (Logical Link Layer)

– Manages the data link interface (or Service Access Points
(SAPs))
– Can detect some transmission errors using a Cyclic
Redundancy Check (CRC). If the packet is bad the LLC will
request the sender to resend that particular packet.
 Physical Layer

Deals with the transmission of 0s

and 1s over the physical media

Encode bits into signals

 Carry data from the higher
layers
Cabling
Interconnect methods
(topology/devices)
Electrical properties
 Examples:
3
– Ethernet (IEEE 802.3)
– Token Ring (IEEE 802.5)
– Wireless (IEEE 802.11b)
Physical layer

The physical layer is responsible

for the movement of individual bits
from one hop (node) to the next.
Role of Layers
Node A

7. Application

6. Presentation

Data In

To/from
1. Physical Node B

Data Out
 Communication Between Layers

7. Application

Data
Encapsulation

6. Presentation

Data
Stripping

5. Session
 Formatting of Data Through the
Layers

Application Header Presentation Header Session Header

Network Header Transport Header

Data Link Header and Trailer Physical Frame Preamble

 Packet : General Format

Header Trailer

Data

A general concept of packets serves as a prerequisite to

the understanding of the ISO-OSI model.
 How Does It All Work Together

 Each layer contains a Protocol Data Unit

(PDU)
– PDU’s are used for peer-to-peer contact
between corresponding layers.

– Data is handled by the top three layers, then

Segmented by the Transport layer.

– The Network layer places it into packets and

the Data Link frames the packets for
transmission.

– Physical layer converts it to bits and sends it

out over the media.
2
– The receiving computer reverses the process
using the information contained in the PDU.
OSI layers
Data Encapsulation

 At each layer in the TCP/IP protocol stack

 Outgoing data is packaged and identified for delivery to the layer
underneath
 PDU – Packet Data Unit – the “envelop” information attached to a
packet at a particular TCP/IP protocol
 e.g. header and trailer
 Header
 PDU’s own particular opening component
 Identifies the protocol in use, the sender and intended recipient
 Trailer (or packet trailer)
– Provides data integrity checks for the payload
Encapsulation example: E-mail
Encapsulation
An exchange using the OSI model
 The Postal Analogy

How would the OSI compare to the regular Post Office

Application  A- Write a 20 page letter to a foreign country.

Presentation
 P- Translate the letter so the receiver can read it.

 S- Insure the intended recipient can receive letter.

Session
 T- Separate and number pages. Like registered mail,
Transport tracks delivery and requests another package if one is
“lost” or “damaged” in the mail.
Network  N- Postal Center sorting letters by zip code to route
them closer to destination.
 D- Local Post Office determining which vehicles to
Data-Link deliver letters.
 P- Physical Trucks, Planes, Rail, autos, etc which
Physical carry letter between stations.
4 layers of the TCP/IP model

 Layer 4: Application
 Layer 3: Transport
 Layer 2: Internet
 Layer 1: Network access

It is important to note that some of the

layers in the TCP/IP model have the same
name as layers in the OSI model.
Do not confuse the layers of the two models.
 TCP/IP model

 The TCP/IP combines all application-related issues into

one layer, and assures this data is properly packaged for
the next layer.
– FTP, HTTP, SMNP, DNS ...
– Format of data, data structure, encode …
– Dialog control, session management …

 Network Access Layer in TCP/IP model combines the

functions of Datalink Layer and Physical Layer.
TCP/IP protocol stack
TCP/IP Reference Model

Layer Protocols

Application HTTP TELNET FTP SMTP SNMP

Transport TCP UDP

Internet IP ICMP

Network Access
ETHERNET PACKET RADIO
(Host-to-network)
Protocols at the application layer
 HTTP:
– browser and web server communicatin
 FTP :
– file transfer protocol
 TELNET:
– remote login protocol
 POP3: Retrieve email
– POP3 is designed to delete mail on the server as soon as the user has
downloaded it

 IMAP (Internet Message Access Protocol )

– Retrieve emails,
– retaining e-mail on the server and for organizing it in folders on the serve
Protocols at the transport layer

 Transmission control protocol (TCP),

– Connection oriented
 Connection established before sending data

 Reliable

 user datagram protocol (UDP)

– Connectionless
 Sending data without establishing connection

 Fast but unreliable

Protocol at the network layer

 IP
– Path selection ,
– routing and addressing
 ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol )
– sends error messages relying on IP
 a requested service is not available
 a host or router could not be reached
Protocols at the link layer

 Ethernet
– Uses CSMA/CD
 Token Ring
 Comparing TCP/IP with OSI
OSI Model TCP/IP Hierarchy Protocols

7th
Application Layer

6th
Presentation Layer Application Layer

5th
Session Layer

4th
Transport Layer
Transport Layer

3rd
Network Layer
Network Layer

2nd
Link Layer
Link Layer
1st
Physical Layer

Link Layer : includes device driver and network interface card

Network Layer : handles the movement of packets, i.e. Routing
Transport Layer : provides a reliable flow of data between two hosts
Application Layer : handles the details of the particular application
How the OSI and TCP/IP Models Relate in a Networking Environment

OSI
OSI Model Equipment Words to TCP/IP
Model Pneumonic Equipment Data Protocols
Name Purpose Remember Model
Layer
Redirector,
Layer 7 Application All FTP, Telnet, Browsers Application
Regular Computer SMTP,
or A Special SNMP, Common Data
Layer 6 Presentation People Computer Data Application
Gateway. Used to Netware Format
combine networks Core
using different NFS, SQL, Dialogues and
Layer 5 Session Seem communication RPC, X-Win
Application
Conversations
protocols Quality of
Layer 4 Transport To Computer Segment TCP and UDP Service, and Transport
Reliability
Segment Network Routable
Path Selection,
into Smaller Protocols.
Layer 3 Network Need Router Packet (IP, IPX,
Routing, and Internet
Broadcast Addressing
AppleTalk)
Domains
Bridge (2
Data Link Segment Network NDIS, ODI, Frames and
Ports) or Network
Layer 2 -MAC Data into Smaller Frame MAC Address, Media Access
Switch and Ether Talk Control (MAC) Access
-LLC Collision Domains
NIC
Repeater,
One Collision AND
Hub (Multi- Signals and Network
Layer 1 Physical Processing One Broadcast Bit Physical
Media
port), Access
Domain
Cabling
Different Network topologies

 Bus Topology
 Star Topology
 Ring topology
Questions .?