NGEC-9 Topic 1 PPT

Topic 1:
Nature of Science
and Physics
 The 7 Defining constant Symbol Numerical value Unit
1. hyperfine transition frequency of Cesium (Cs)
133 atom
 ∆ν = 9 192 631 770 Hz
2. speed of light in vacuum
 c = 299 792 458 m /s
3. Planck constant
 h = 6.626 070 15 × 10 J s
4. elementary charge
 e = 1.602 176 634 × 10−19 C
5. Boltzmann constant
 k =1.380 649 × 10−23 J/K
6. Avogadro constant
 NA = 6.022 140 76 × 1023 1/ mol
7. luminous efficacy
 Kcd =683 lm / W
USING SI UNITS
The table below lists the prefixes in common use.
Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

USING SI UNITS
SI Base Units
Quantity SI base Symbol
There are seven SI base units. unit
Length meter m
From these base units, all other Mass kilogram kg
SI units of measurement can be Temperature kelvin K
derived.
Time second s
Amount of
mole mol
Derived units are used for substance
measurements such as Luminous
candela cd
volume, density, and intensity
pressure. Electric
ampere A
current
USING SI UNITS
Units of Length
 In SI, the basic unit of length, or linear measure, is the

meter (m).
 All measurements of length can be expressed in meters.
 For very large and very small lengths, however, it may

be more convenient to use a unit of length that has a
prefix.
USING SI UNITS
Units of Length
For example, the prefix milli- means 1/1000 (one-

thousandth), so a millimeter (mm) is 1/1000 of a meter, or
0.001 m.
A hyphen (-) measures about 1 mm.
For large distances, it is most appropriate to express

measurements in kilometers (km).
The prefix kilo- means 1000, so 1 km equals 1000 m.

USING SI UNITS
Units of Volume
The space occupied by any sample of matter is called its

volume.
You calculate the volume of any cubic or rectangular solid

by multiplying its length by its width by its height.
The unit for volume is thus derived from the units of

length.
USING SI UNITS
Units of Volume
The SI unit of volume is the amount of space occupied by a

cube that is 1 m along each edge.
This volume is a cubic meter (m3).
A more convenient unit of volume for everyday use is the liter,

a non-SI unit.
A liter (L) is the volume of a cube that is 10 centimeters (10

cm) along each edge (10 cm x 10 cm x 10 cm = 1000 cm3 =
1 L).
USING SI UNITS
Units of Volume
A smaller, non-SI unit of volume is the milliliter (mL); 1 mL

is 1/1000 of a liter.
Thus, there are 1000 mL in 1 L.
Because 1 L is defined as 1000 cm3, 1 mL and 1 cm3 are

the same volume.
The units milliliter and cubic centimeter are thus used

interchangeably.
USING SI UNITS
Units of Volume
These figures give you some idea of the

relative sizes of a liter and a milliliter
(mL). 1000mL = 1L
1L
USING SI UNITS
Units of Volume
 There are many devices for measuring liquid volumes,

including graduated cylinders, pipets, burets, volumetric
flasks, and syringes.
 The volume at a given temperature—usually 20 degrees

Celsius (20°C), which is about normal room temperatureof
substances will change with temperature, so accurate
volume-measuring devices are calibrated.
USING SI UNITS
Units of Volume
The relationships among common metric units of volume are
shown in the table below.
Metric Units of Volume

Unit Symbol Relationship Example
Liter L base unit quart of milk ≈ 1 L
Milliliter mL 103 mL = 1 L 20 drops of water ≈ 1 mL
Cubic centimeter cm3 1 cm3 = 1 mL cube of sugar ≈ 1 cm3
Microliter μL 103 μL = 1 L crystal of table salt ≈ 1 μL

USING SI UNITS
Units of Mass
The mass of an object is measured in comparison to a
standard mass of 1 kilogram (kg), which is the basic SI unit
of mass.
A kilogram was originally defined as the mass of 1 L of

liquid water at 4°C.
A cube of water at 4°C measuring 10 cm on each edge
would have a volume of 1 L and a mass of 1000 grams (g),
or 1 kg.
A gram (g) is 1/1000 of a kilogram; the mass of 1 cm3 of

water at 4°C is 1 g.
USING SI UNITS
Units of Mass
The relationships among units of mass are shown in the table
below.
Metric Units of Mass

Unit Symbol Relationship
Kilogram
kg 1 kg = 103 g
(base unit)
Gram g 1 g = 10-3 kg
Milligram mg 103 mg = 1 g
Microgram μg 106 μg = 1 g
USING SI UNITS
Units of Mass
Weight is a force that measures the pull on a given mass by

gravity.
Weight, a measure of force, is different from mass, which is a

measure of the quantity of matter.
The weight of an object can change with its location.

USING SI UNITS
Units of Energy
 The capacity to do work or to produce heat is called energy.
 The SI unit of energy is the joule (J), named after the English
physicist James Prescott Joule (1818–1889).
 A common non-SI unit of energy is the calorie.
 One calorie (cal) is the quantity of heat that raises the

temperature of 1 g of pure water by 1°C.
DENSITY
The relationship between an object’s mass and its volume

tells you whether it will float or sink.
This relationship is called density.
Density is the ratio of the mass of an object to its volume.

Density is an intensive property that depends only on the
composition of a substance, not the size of the sample.
Density = mass
volume
DENSITY
When mass is measured in grams, and volume in cubic

centimeters, density has units of grams per cubic
centimeter (g/cm3).
The SI unit of density is kilograms per cubic meter

(kg/m3).
DENSITY
This figure compares the density of four substances: lithium, water, aluminum, and lead.
Increasing density (mass per unit volume)
10 g 10 g 10 g 10 g
19 cm3 10 cm3 3.7 cm3 0.88 cm3
0.53 g/cm3 1.0 g/cm3 2.7 g/cm3 0.88 g/cm3
DENSITY
Because of differences in density, liquids

separate into layers. Corn oil
Water
As shown at right, corn oil floats on top
of water because it is less dense.
Corn syrup
Corn syrup sinks below water because it
is more dense.

Densities of Some Common Materials
Solids and Liquids Gases
Density at Density at
Material Material
20°C (g/cm3) 20°C (g/L)
Gold 19.3 Chlorine 2.95
Mercury 13.6 Carbon dioxide 1.83
Lead 11.3 Argon 1.66
Aluminum 2.70 Oxygen 1.33
Table sugar 1.59 Air 1.20
Corn syrup 1.35–1.38 Nitrogen 1.17
Water (4°C) 1.000 Neon 0.84
Corn oil 0.922 Ammonia 0.718
Ice (0°C) 0.917 Methane 0.665
Ethanol 0.789 Helium 0.166
Gasoline 0.66–0.69 Hydrogen 0.084
DENSITY
What happens to the density of a substance as its temperature

increases?
The volume of most substances increases as the temperature

increases, while the mass remains the same.
Since density is the ratio of an object’s mass to its volume, the

density of a substance generally decreases as its temperature
increases.
Water is an important exception.

GLOSSARY TERMS
 International System of Units (SI): the revised version of

the metric system, adopted by international agreement in 1960
 meter (m): the base unit of length in SI
 liter (L): the volume of a cube measuring 10 centimeters on
each edge (1000 cm3); it is the common unprefixed unit of
volume in the metric system
 kilogram (kg): the mass of 1 L of water at 4°C; it is the base
unit of mass in SI
 gram (g): a metric mass unit equal to the mass of 1 cm3 of
water at 4°C
GLOSSARY TERMS
weight: a force that measures the pull of gravity on a given mass

energy: the capacity for doing work or producing heat
Joule (J): the SI unit of energy; 4.184 J equals one calorie
calorie (cal): the quantity of heat needed to raise the temperature
of 1 g of pure water 1°C
temperature: a measure of the average kinetic energy of particles
in matter; temperature determines the direction of heat transfer

GLOSSARY TERMS
Celsius scale: the temperature scale in which the freezing point of

water is 0°C and the boiling point is 100°C
Kelvin scale: the temperature scale in which the freezing point of
water is 273 K and the boiling point is 373 K; 0 K is absolute zero
absolute zero: the zero point on the Kelvin temperature scale,
equivalent to –273.15°C
density: the ratio of the mass of an object to its volume

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Topic 1:

The table below lists the prefixes in common use.

Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

 In SI, the basic unit of length, or linear measure, is the

 All measurements of length can be expressed in meters.

 For very large and very small lengths, however, it may

For example, the prefix milli- means 1/1000 (one-

A hyphen (-) measures about 1 mm.

For large distances, it is most appropriate to express

The prefix kilo- means 1000, so 1 km equals 1000 m.

The space occupied by any sample of matter is called its

You calculate the volume of any cubic or rectangular solid

The unit for volume is thus derived from the units of

The SI unit of volume is the amount of space occupied by a

This volume is a cubic meter (m3).

A more convenient unit of volume for everyday use is the liter,

A liter (L) is the volume of a cube that is 10 centimeters (10

A smaller, non-SI unit of volume is the milliliter (mL); 1 mL

Thus, there are 1000 mL in 1 L.

Because 1 L is defined as 1000 cm3, 1 mL and 1 cm3 are

The units milliliter and cubic centimeter are thus used

These figures give you some idea of the

 There are many devices for measuring liquid volumes,

 The volume at a given temperature—usually 20 degrees

Metric Units of Volume

Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

A kilogram was originally defined as the mass of 1 L of

A gram (g) is 1/1000 of a kilogram; the mass of 1 cm3 of

Metric Units of Mass

Weight is a force that measures the pull on a given mass by

Weight, a measure of force, is different from mass, which is a

The weight of an object can change with its location.

 The capacity to do work or to produce heat is called energy.

 A common non-SI unit of energy is the calorie.

 One calorie (cal) is the quantity of heat that raises the

The relationship between an object’s mass and its volume

This relationship is called density.

Density is the ratio of the mass of an object to its volume.

When mass is measured in grams, and volume in cubic

The SI unit of density is kilograms per cubic meter

Because of differences in density, liquids

Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

What happens to the density of a substance as its temperature

The volume of most substances increases as the temperature

Since density is the ratio of an object’s mass to its volume, the

Water is an important exception.

 International System of Units (SI): the revised version of

weight: a force that measures the pull of gravity on a given mass

Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

Celsius scale: the temperature scale in which the freezing point of

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