Nodal and Loop Analysis cont’d

AIHT 1
 Advantages of Nodal Analysis
• Solves directly for node voltages.
• Current sources are easy.
• Voltage sources are either very easy or
somewhat difficult.
• Works best for circuits with few nodes.
• Works for any circuit.

AIHT 2
 Advantages of Loop Analysis
• Solves directly for some currents.
• Voltage sources are easy.
• Current sources are either very easy or
somewhat difficult.
• Works best for circuits with few loops.

AIHT 3
Disadvantages of Loop Analysis
• Some currents must be computed from loop
currents.
• Does not work with non-planar circuits.
• Choosing the supermesh may be difficult.

• FYI: PSpice uses a nodal analysis approach

AIHT 4
 Where We Are
• Nodal analysis is a technique that allows us
to analyze more complicated circuits than
those in Chapter 2.
• We have developed nodal analysis for
circuits with independent current sources.
• We now look at circuits with dependent
sources and with voltage sources.

AIHT 5
 Example Transistor Circuit
+10V

1kΩ Common Collector

+
Vin
– +
(Emitter Follower)
2kΩ Vo Amplifier
–

AIHT 6
 Why an Emitter Follower
Amplifier?
• The output voltage is almost the same as the
input voltage (for small signals, at least).
• To a circuit connected to the input, the EF
amplifier looks like a 180kΩ resistor.
• To a circuit connected to the output, the EF
amplifier looks like a voltage source
connected to a 10Ω resistor.

AIHT 7
A Linear Large Signal Equivalent
0.7V
Ib
+ –
+
5V 1kΩ 50Ω 2kΩ
+
100Ib Vo
–
–

AIHT 8
 Steps of Nodal Analysis
1. Choose a reference node.
2. Assign node voltages to the other nodes.
3. Apply KCL to each node other than the
reference node; express currents in terms of
node voltages.
4. Solve the resulting system of linear
equations.
AIHT 9
A Linear Large Signal Equivalent
0.7V
V1 Ib V 2 V3 V4
1 + –
+
1kΩ 2 3 50Ω 4
5V +
100Ib Vo
–
2kΩ –

AIHT 10
 Steps of Nodal Analysis
1. Choose a reference node.
2. Assign node voltages to the other nodes.
3. Apply KCL to each node other than the
reference node; express currents in terms of
node voltages.
4. Solve the resulting system of linear
equations.
AIHT 11
 KCL @ Node 4
0.7V
V1 Ib V2 V3 V4
1 + –
1kΩ 2 3 50Ω 4 +
5V +
100Ib Vo
–
2kΩ –

V3 − V4 V4
+ 100 I b =
50Ω 2 kΩ
AIHT 12
 The Dependent Source
• We must express Ib in terms of the node
voltages:
V1 − V2
Ib =
1 kΩ

• Equation from Node 4 becomes

V3 − V4 V1 − V2 V4
+ 100 − =0
50Ω 1 kΩ 2kΩ
AIHT 13
 How to Proceed?
• The 0.7V voltage supply makes it
impossible to apply KCL to nodes 2 and 3,
since we don’t know what current is passing
through the supply.
• We do know that
V2 - V3 = 0.7V

AIHT 14
 0.7V
V1 Ib V2 V3 V4
1 + –
+
1kΩ 50Ω 4
+
100Ib Vo
–
2kΩ –

AIHT 15
KCL @ the Supernode

V2 − V1 V3 − V4
+ =0
1kΩ 50Ω

AIHT 16
 Another Analysis Example
• We will analyze a possible implementation
of an AM Radio IF amplifier. (Actually,
this would be one of four stages in the IF
amplifier.)
• We will solve for output voltages using
nodal (and eventually) mesh analysis.
• This circuit is a bandpass filter with center
frequency 455kHz and bandwidth 40kHz.

AIHT 17
 IF Amplifier
100pF

4kΩ 100pF 80kΩ

– +
+ +
1V ∠ 0° 160Ω Vx 100Vx Vout
– –
+ –

AIHT 18
 Nodal AC Analysis
• Use AC steady-state analysis.
• Start with a frequency of ω=2π 455,000.

AIHT 19
 Impedances
-j3.5kΩ

4kΩ -j3.5kΩ 80kΩ

– +
+ +
1V ∠ 0° 160Ω Vx 100Vx Vout
– –
+ –

AIHT 20
 Nodal Analysis
-j3.5kΩ

4kΩ 1 -j3.5kΩ 2 80kΩ

– +
+ +
1V ∠ 0° 160Ω Vx 100Vx Vout
– –
+ –

AIHT 21
 KCL @ Node 1
V1 − 1V V1 V1 − 100Vx V1 − V2
+ + + =0
4kΩ 160Ω - j 3.5kΩ - j 3.5kΩ

Vx = −V2
 1 1 1 1 
V1  + + + 
 4kΩ 160Ω - j 3.5kΩ - j 3.5kΩ 
 100 1  1V
+ V2  +  =
 - j 3.5kΩ j 3.5kΩ  4kΩ
AIHT 22
 KCL @ Node 2
V2 − V1 V2 − 100Vx
+ =0
- j 3.5kΩ 80kΩ

Vx = −V2

 1   1 101 
V1   + V2  +  = 0
 j 3.5kΩ   - j 3.5kΩ 80kΩ 

AIHT 23
 Matrix Formulation

 1 1 2 − 100 1 
 4kΩ + 160Ω − j 3.5kΩ +
j 3.5kΩ j 3.5kΩ   V   1V 
   =  4kΩ 
1

 1 −1 101  V2   
+  0 
 j 3.5kΩ j 3.5kΩ 80kΩ 

AIHT 24
 Solve Equations
V1 = 0.0259V-j0.1228V = 0.1255V∠-78°
V2 = 0.0277V-j4.15×10-4V=0.0277V ∠ -0.86°
Vout = -100V2 = 2.77V ∠ 179.1°

AIHT 25