CHAPTER 3 and Four

CHAPTER -3
Digital Image Processing

IMAGE ENHANCEMENT
By Daniel.T
Image Enhancement Definition
• Image Enhancement: is the process that improves the

quality of the image for a specific application
Image Enhancement Methods
• Spatial Domain Methods (Image Plane)
Techniques are based on direct manipulation of pixels in an image
• Frequency Domain Methods
Techniques are based on modifying the Fourier transform of the
image.
• Combination Methods
There are some enhancement techniques based on various
combinations of methods from the first two categories
Spatial Domain Methods
• As indicated previously, the term spatia/ domain refers to the aggregate of pixels
cmposing an image.
• Spatial domain methods are procedures that operate directly on these pixels.
• Spatial domain processes will be denoted by the expression:
g(x,y) = T [f(x,y)]
Where f(x,y) in the input image, g(x,y) is the processed image and F is as operator on
f, defined over some neighborhood of (x,y)
• In addition, T can operate on a set of input images.
TRANSFORNATION (T)
• The simplest of T, is when the neighborhood of size 1X1 (that is a form single pixel).
• In this case, g depends only on the value of f at (x,y), and T becomes a grey-level
(also called intensity or mapping) transformation function of the form:
s = T(r)
Where, for simplicity in notation, r and s are variables denoting, respectively, the grey
level of f(x,y) and g(x,y) at any point (x,y)
FIMłR£ 9. ł A
x3
n‹ighl›‹›rhuuJ
(.r. y) in en imngc.
Types Spatial Domain Techniques
There are two techniques in in Spatial Domain enhancement techniques:-

1. Intensity Transformation
2. Spatial Filtering
• 1. Intensity Transformation
• In intensity transformation enhancement operation is performed in a
• single pixels
• There are two techniques in Intensity Transformation
1. Contrast stretching
2. Thresholding
Intensity Transformation Enhancement
Techniques
1. Contrast Stretching:
If T(r) has the form as shown in the figure betow, the effect of applying the transformation
to every pixe! of f to generate the corresponding pixels in g would:
Produce higher contrast than the original image, by:
• Darkening the levels below m in the original
image
• Brightening the levels above m in the
Original image
So, Contrast Stretching: is a simple image enhancement techni9Ue that improves the
contrast
in an image by 'stretching' the range of intensity values it contains to
Types of Image spat…….
• Thres holding
Is a limited case of contrast stretching, it produces a two-level
(binary) image.
Some fairly simple, yet powerful, processing approaches can be

formulated with grey-level transformations. Because enhancement at any
point in an image depends only on the gray level at that point,
techniques in this category often are referred to as point process/’ng.
Some Basic Intensity (Gray-level)
Transformation Functions
• The three basic types of functions used frequently for
image enhancement:
—Linear Functions:
• Negative Transformation
• Identity Transformation
—Logarithmic Functions:
• Log Transformation
• Inverse-log Transformation
—Power-Law Functions:
• n^ power transformation
• n^ root transformation
2. Spatial filtering
• The process consists simply of moving the filter mask from point to point in an
image. At each point (x, y), the response of the filter at that point is calculated
using a predefined relationship.
• The enhancement process require neighbor pixels. and spatial filtering use for
image smoothing.
• Smoothing Spatial Filter: Smoothing filter is used for blurring and noise
reduction in the image. Blurring is pre-processing steps for removal of small
details and Noise Reduction is accomplished by blurring.
• Spatial Filtering require multiple pixel for enhancement process
Spatial fil……..
• For linear spatial filtering (see figure 3.32 regarding l, the response is given
by a sum of products of the filter coefficients and the corresponding image pixels
in the area spanned by the filter mask
• Example: with a 3x3 mask
Correlation and convolution
• Correlation:- is Cross-correlation means sliding a kernel (filter) across an image
• Example:- let I={0,0,1,0,0} be an Image using the mask k={3,2,8}
• Calculate correlation.
• Step 1. Zero parity:- add k-1 zeros in front and back of the image
• 000010000
• 328
• Step2 :- shift the mask over the Image
• correlation:-0, 0,0,0,8,2,3,0,0,0,0
• After removing zeros :- 0082300
Correlation and con….
• Convolution:- Convolution means sliding a flipped kernel across an image.
• Example:- let I={0,0,1,0,0} be an Image using the mask k={3,2,8}
• Calculate correlation.
• Step 1. Zero parity:- add k-1 zeros in front and back of the image
• 000010000
• step2 :- rotate the mask 180 degree
• Mask after rotation:- 823
• Step3 :- shift the mask over the Image

• correlation result:- 0,0,0,0,3,2,8,0,0,0,0
• After removing zeros reduction: 0032800
CHAPTER 4
IMAGE RESTORATION
• Restoration is a process that attempts to reconstruct or recover an image that has been degraded by
using a priori knowledge of the degradation phenomenon. Similar to the enhancement technique,
the function of the restoration technique is to improve the image
• The are two steps in image restoration:
• 1.Modeling Degradation
• 2. Restoration
• There are two techniques in image restoration.
1. Spatial domain
2. Frequency Domain
1. Image restoration using spatial
Domain
Spatial do…..
Image restoration using frequency Domain

CHAPTER 3 and Four

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

CHAPTER 3 and Four

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

CHAPTER 3 and Four

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

CHAPTER -3

Digital Image Processing

• Image Enhancement: is the process that improves the

There are two techniques in in Spatial Domain enhancement techniques:-

Some fairly simple, yet powerful, processing approaches can be

• Step3 :- shift the mask over the Image

• The are two steps in image restoration:

• There are two techniques in image restoration.

You might also like