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DIP Lecture

The document discusses image enhancement techniques in spatial domain such as histogram processing and contrast stretching. It provides examples of histograms of images and how contrast and brightness can be improved through techniques like histogram equalization which spreads out the frequencies of pixels in an image.

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majdiyjalalm2
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16 views

DIP Lecture

The document discusses image enhancement techniques in spatial domain such as histogram processing and contrast stretching. It provides examples of histograms of images and how contrast and brightness can be improved through techniques like histogram equalization which spreads out the frequencies of pixels in an image.

Uploaded by

majdiyjalalm2
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Biomedical Engineering Department

Digital Image Processing (DIP)


4th Year
Image Enhancement (Histogram Processing)

Lecture (1)

Dr. Nedal Abdalaal AbdAllh


Contents
Over the next few lectures we will look at image
enhancement techniques working in the spatial
domain:
– What is image enhancement?

– Different kinds of image enhancement

– Histogram processing
A Note About Grey Levels
So far when we have spoken about image
grey level values we have said they are in
the range [0, 255]
– Where 0 is black and 255 is white
There is no reason why we have to use this
range
– The range [0,255] stems from display technologies
For many of the image processing
operations in this lecture grey levels are
assumed to be given in the range [0.0, 1.0]
What Is Image Enhancement?

Image enhancement is the process of making images


more useful.

The reasons for doing this include:


– Highlighting interesting detail in images.
– Removing noise from images.
– Making images more visually appealing.
Image Enhancement Examples
Image Enhancement Examples (cont…)
Image Enhancement Examples (cont)
Image Enhancement Examples (cont)
Objectives of Image Enhancement
• The principal objective of enhancement is to
process an images so that the result is more
suitable than the original image for a
SPECIFIC application.
– To “improve” the usefulness of an image by
using some transformation on the image.
– Often the improvement is to help make the
image “better” looking, such as increasing
the intensity or contrast.
Spatial & Frequency Domains
There are two broad categories of image
enhancement techniques
– Spatial domain techniques
• Direct manipulation of image pixels
– Frequency domain techniques
• Manipulation of Fourier transform or wavelet
transform of an image.
For the moment we will concentrate on
techniques that operate in the spatial
domain
Spatial Domain
• The spatial domain:
– The image plane .
– For a digital image is a Cartesian coordinate
system of discrete rows and columns.
– At the intersection of each row and column is
a pixel.
– Each pixel has a value, which we will call
intensity.
– (spatial domain methods are procedures that
operate directly on these pixels).
Image Histograms
The histogram of an image shows us the
distribution of grey levels in the image
Massively useful in image processing, especially in
segmentation
Frequencies

Grey Levels
Histogram Examples
Histogram Examples (cont…)
Histogram Examples (cont…)
Histogram Examples (cont…)
Histogram Examples (cont…)
Histogram Examples (cont…)
Histogram Examples (cont…)
Histogram Examples (cont…)
Histogram Examples (cont…)
Histogram Examples (cont.)
Histogram Examples (cont…)
A selection of images and their histograms

Notice the relationships between the images


and their histograms.

Note that the high contrast image has the most


evenly spaced histogram.
Contrast

• Contrast means the difference between the

brightest and darkest intensities.


Contrast Stretching
We can fix images that have poor contrast by
applying a pretty simple contrast specification.

Objective: Increase the dynamic range of the


gray levels in the image.

The interesting part is how do we decide on this


transformation function?
Histogram
The histogram of a digital image with gray levels
in

the range [0, L-1] is a discrete function

h(rk) = nk,

where rk is the kth gray level and nk is the number

of pixels in the image having gray level rk.


Histogram Equalization
Spreading out the frequencies in an image (or
equalising the image) is a simple way to
improve dark or washed out images
The formula for histogram
equalization is given where sk  T (rk )
k
– rk : input intensity
– sk :
  pr ( r j )
processed intensity
j 1
– k: the intensity range
(e.g 0.0 – 1.0)
k nj
– nj : the frequency of intensity j

j 1 n
– n: the sum of all frequencies
Equalisation Transformation Function
Equalisation Examples
1
Equalisation Transformation Functions
The functions used to equalize the images in the
previous example
Equalization Examples
2
Equalization Transformation Functions
The functions used to equalize the images in the
previous example
Equalization Examples (cont.)
3

4
Equalisation Examples (cont.)
3

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