Chirayu

PREVENTIONS FOR INTERGRANULAR CORROSION
: BY: INAMDAR CHIRAYU PRADIP 940 (B.E.-IV)
NAME:
ROLL NO:
YEAR:
2011-2012
WHAT IS INTERGRANUAL CORROSION???
Intergranular corrosion refers to preferential (localized) corrosion along the grain boundaries. It is the selective dissolution of the grain boundaries from the microstructure of metals or alloys . This selective dissolution may lead to the disintegration of the grains.
Intergranular corrosion in sensitized stainless steels and exfoliation in aluminum alloys represent industrially significant examples of this form of damage.
PRINCIPLE
It involves the creation of galvanic corrosion cells within the microstructure of an alloy
EXFOLIATION
It is a form of intergranular corrosion that manifests itself by lifting up the surface grains of a metal by the force of expanding corrosion products occurring at the grain boundaries just below the surface.
PREVENTION FOR EXFOLIATION CORROSION
The use of coatings

Selecting a more exfoliation resistant alloys Using heat treatment to control precipitate distribution.
SENSITIZATION
In the case of the austenitic stainless steels, when these steels are sensitized by being heated in the temperature range of about 500 to 800C, depletion of chromium in the grain boundary region occurs, resulting in susceptibility to intergranular corrosion. This effect is known as sensitization of steels. Such sensitization of austenitic stainless steels can readily occur because of temperature service requirements, as in steam generators, or as a result of subsequent welding of the formed structure.
CAUSES & PREVENTIONS
CAUSES:
Certain alloys when exposed to a sensitizing temperature they become particularly susceptible to intergranular corrosion.
In a corrosive atmosphere, the grain interfaces of these sensitized alloys become very reactive and intergranular corrosion results. This is characterized by a localized attack at an adjacent to grain boundaries with relatively little corrosion of the grains themselves. The alloy disintegrates and/or loses its strength.
In certain aluminum alloys, small amounts of iron have been shown to segregate in the grain boundaries and cause intergranular corrosion
It has been shown that the zinc content of a brass is higher at the grain boundaries and subject to such
corrosion
High-strength aluminum alloys such as the Duralumintype alloys (Al-Cu) which depend upon precipitated phases for strengthening are susceptible to intergranular corrosion following sensitization at temperatures of about 120C
Nickel-rich alloys such as Inconel 600 and Incoloy 800 show similar susceptibility.
Die-cast zinc alloys containing aluminum exhibit intergranular corrosion by steam in a marine atmosphere. Cr-Mn and Cr-Mn-Ni steels are also susceptible to intergranular corrosion following sensitization in the temperature range of 400-850C.
PREVENTIONS
Use low carbon (e.g. 304L, 316L) grade of stainless steels. Lower the C content to below 0.03%, so that the carbides are not stable. Use stabilized grades alloyed with titanium (for example type 321) or niobium (for example type 347). Titanium and niobium are strong carbide- formers. They react with the carbon to form the corresponding carbides thereby preventing chromium depletion.
Use high temperature solution heat treatment to dissolve the precipitates. (Post welds heat treatment of sensitized steel).
HIGH-TEMPERATURE SOLUTION HEAT TREATMENT
The alloy is heated to a temperature of about 1,060 to 1,120C and then water quenched. Chromium carbide is dissolved at these temperatures, and a more homogeneous alloy is obtained. Unsuitable for treating large assemblies, and also ineffective where welding is subsequently used for making repairs or for attaching other structures. The equipment must be quench-annealed to eliminate susceptibility to weld decay. Rapid cooling from the solution temperature is very important
LOWERING THE CARBON CONTENT.
Lowering the carbon to below 0.03% (type 304L) does not permit sufficient carbide.
These is also called the extra- low-carbon (ELC) steels.
The situation is same as above except that here weld decay is absent in the low carbon plate
THE STRONG CARBIDE FORMERS OR STABILIZERS
columbium (or columbium plus tantalum) and titanium, are used to produce types 347 & 321 stainless steels, respectively
These elements have a much grater affinity for carbon than

does chromium
The stabilized steels eliminate the economic and other objections of solution- quenching the unstabilized steels after
fabrication or weld repair.
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PREVENTIONS FOR INTERGRANULAR CORROSION

: BY: INAMDAR CHIRAYU PRADIP 940 (B.E.-IV)

WHAT IS INTERGRANUAL CORROSION???

PREVENTION FOR EXFOLIATION CORROSION

The use of coatings

CAUSES & PREVENTIONS

HIGH-TEMPERATURE SOLUTION HEAT TREATMENT

LOWERING THE CARBON CONTENT.

These is also called the extra- low-carbon (ELC) steels.

THE STRONG CARBIDE FORMERS OR STABILIZERS

These elements have a much grater affinity for carbon than

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