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    Marilou Budhi (The Research Process)

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    Mj Cabanganan
    This document outlines the key steps in the research process, including deciding on the sample design and data collection methods. [1] It discusses sampling as selecting a small number of items from a larger population. [2] There are two main types of sampling: probability sampling which uses a random selection process, and non-probability sampling which uses subjective judgement. [3] The document then explains various methods for collecting both quantitative and qualitative data.

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    Marilou Budhi (The Research Process)

    Uploaded by

    Mj Cabanganan
    6 views14 pages
    This document outlines the key steps in the research process, including deciding on the sample design and data collection methods. [1] It discusses sampling as selecting a small number of items from a larger population. [2] There are two main types of sampling: probability sampling which uses a random selection process, and non-probability sampling which uses subjective judgement. [3] The document then explains various methods for collecting both quantitative and qualitative data.

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    This document outlines the key steps in the research process, including deciding on the sample design and data collection methods. [1] It discusses sampling as selecting a small number of items from a larger population. [2] There are two main types of sampling: probability sampling which uses a random selection process, and non-probability sampling which uses subjective judgement. [3] The document then explains various methods for collecting both quantitative and qualitative data.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    6 views14 pages

    Marilou Budhi (The Research Process)

    Uploaded by

    Mj Cabanganan
    This document outlines the key steps in the research process, including deciding on the sample design and data collection methods. [1] It discusses sampling as selecting a small number of items from a larger population. [2] There are two main types of sampling: probability sampling which uses a random selection process, and non-probability sampling which uses subjective judgement. [3] The document then explains various methods for collecting both quantitative and qualitative data.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 14

    THE RESEARCH PROCESS

    STEP 5: DECIDING ON THE SAMPLE DESIGN

    • Sampling is an important and separate step in the


    research process. The basic idea of sampling is that it
    involves any procedure that uses a relatively small
    number of items or portions (called a sample) of a
    universe (called population) to conclude the whole
    population.
    • A population is the total collection of elements
    about which we wish to make some inference or
    generalization whereas sample is a part of the
    population, carefully selected to represent that
    population. If certain statistical procedures are
    followed in selecting the sample, it should have
    the same characteristics as the population as a
    whole.
    1. Probability Sampling- is based on a random selection, a controlled
    procedure that assures that each population is given chance of
    selection

    2. Non-Probability Sampling- is a non-random and subjective method


    of sampling where the selection of the sample’s population elements
    depends on the personal judgement or the discretion of the sampler
    STEP 6: COLLECTING DATA

    The gathering of data may range from


    simple observation to a large-scale survey
    in any defined population. There are many
    ways to collect data. This includes:
    PROBABILITY SAMPLING METHODS

    1. Simple Random Sampling


    2. Systematic Sampling
    3. Stratified Random Sampling
    4. Cluster Sampling
    NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING METHODS

    1. Convenience Sampling- non-probability samples that are unrestricted are known


    as convenience samples.
    2. Purposive sampling- non-probability method that conforms to certain criteria.
    3. Quota Sampling- a non-probability sampling in which the interviewers are to
    contact and interview a certain number of individuals from certain subgroups or
    strata of the population to make up the total sample.
    4. Snowball Sampling- is the colorful name for building a list or a sample of a
    special population.
    o The most common means for collecting quantitative data is
    the structured interview. Studies that obtain data by
    interviewing respondents are called surveys. Data can
    also be collected by using self-administered
    questionnaires. Telephone interviewing is another way
    in which data may be collected. Other means of data
    collection include the use of secondary sources, such as
    the census, vital registration records, official documents,
    previous surveys, etc.
    • Meanwhile, Qualitative data are collected mainly
    through in-depth interviews, focus group
    discussions, KII, and observational studies.
    STEP 7: PROCESSING AND ANALYZING DATA

    • Data processing generally begins with the editing and coding


    of data. Data are edited to ensure consistency across
    respondents and to locate omissions, if any.

    • Data analysis usually involves reducing accumulated data to


    a manageable size, developing summaries, searching for
    patterns, and applying statistical techniques for
    understanding and interpreting the findings in the light of the
    research questions.
    • Further, the researcher, based on his analysis, determines if
    his findings are consistent with the formulated hypotheses and
    theories.
    STEP 8: WRITING THE REPORT – DEVELOPING RESEARCH
    PROPOSAL, WRITING REPORT, DISSEMINATING AND
    UTILIZING RESULTS

    • The entire task of a research study is accumulated in a


    document called a proposal. A research proposal is a
    work plan, prospectus, outline, an offer, a statement of
    intent or commitment from an individual researcher or
    an organization to produce a product or render a
    service to a potential client or sponsor.
    • A report is an excellent means that helps to establish the
    researcher’s credibility. At a bare minimum, a research report
    should contain sections on:
    • An executive summary;
    • Background of the problem;
    • Literature review;
    • Methodology;
    • Findings;
    • Discussion;
    • Conclusions and
    • Recommendations.
    Thank you!!!

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