Design of Steel Structures Lab

Outcomes

 Students’ are expected to be able to;

1. Calculate wind load as per ASCE 7-10.
2. Understand steel structural systems and provide preliminary distribution and
sections of beams, columns, trusses and so on.
3. Design steel structures for stability, strength and serviceability.
4. Verify software results for analysis and design.
5. Work effectively in a group.
Assessment Criteria

 Lab grade is 30% of the course grade, which will be evaluated depending on
the following points:
1. Project, which will be submitted on several occasions and evaluated
depending on the criteria shown in the project file.
2. Student performance, which may be evaluated by discussions after each
submission, presentations, homework, quizzes and/or presence in lectures.
Introduction

 Why use steel structures?

1. Larger spans.
2. Fast and efficient construction.
3. Lighter weight than concrete structures, which means smaller foundation.
4. Earthquake resistance.
5. Etc.
 Components of steel structures:
1. Members (Beams, columns, trusses, cables and beam-columns).
2. Connections.
3. Supports.
Introduction

 Structural Systems:
1. Truss System

2. Frame System

3. Arches

4. Cables
Introduction

 Loads:
1. Dead load: Own weight of structure.
2. Superimposed dead load: Weight of the non-structural and semi-permanent
elements, such as; weight of roof/floor cover, suspended ceiling and ductwork
…etc.
3. Live load: depends on the purpose of the structure. Refer to ASCE 7-10, table
4-1, page 17.
4. Rain load: May be neglected if slope of roof > 1%. Refer to ASCE 7-10, chapter
8, page 43.
5. Snow load: May be neglected if roof angle > 30⁰.
Unit weight of snow = 3 kN/m3, Snow load = Unit weight x accumulated thickness
Introduction

 Loads:
6. Seismic load.
7. Temperature load.
8. Wind load.
 Wind Load

Wind load calculations using Directional Procedure

as per ASCE 7-10 code.
Introduction

 Effect of wind load on structures.

Introduction

 Main factors affecting wind load:

1. Building height.
2. Building Shape and size.
3. Building Location.
4. Amount and size of openings.
5. Surrounding Terrain.
6. Risk Category (Table 1.5-2,p5)
Wind Load: General Requirements

 This is presented in chapter 26 in ASCE 7-10.

 The objective of this chapter is to provide general information about wind
load calculations and basic parameters required for calculation procedures.
Permitted Procedures

1. Directional Procedure for buildings of all heights as specified in Chapter 27 for

buildings meeting the requirements specified therein;
In General, wind pressure = q G Cp – qi (GCpi) (N/m2)
2. Envelope Procedure for low-rise buildings as specified in Chapter 28 for
buildings meeting the requirements specified therein;
p = qh [(GCpf) – (GCpi)] (N/m2)
3. Wind Tunnel Procedure for all buildings and all other structures as specified in
Chapter 31.
 Note: Velocity pressure, q = 0.613*Kz,h*Kzt*Kd*V^2 (N/m2); V in m/s
Sign Convention

Pressure Suction
Basic Wind Parameters

 Basic wind parameters are:

1. Basic Wind Speed, V, Figure 26.5-1A,B or C.
2. Wind Directionality Factor, Kd, Section 26.6.
3. Exposure Category, Section 26.7.
4. Topographic Factor, Kzt, Section 26.8.
5. Gust Effect Factor, Section 26.9.
6. Enclosure Classification, Section 26.10.
7. Internal Pressure Coefficient, (GCpi), Section 26.11.
1. Basic Wind Speed

 V: Three-second gust speed at 33 ft (10 m) above the ground in Exposure C

(explained later in slide 6) as determined in accordance with Section 26.5.1.
 Risk/Occupancy category for the structure shall be determined in advance, as
it is required to decide which figure to use to find V.
2. Wind Directionality Factor

 The directionality factor (Kd) is a load reduction factor intended to take into
account the less than 100% probability that the design event wind direction
aligns with the worst case, in order to make the design more rational.
 Worst case: it is when wind acts perpendicularly to the building surface.
 Determined using table 26.6-1,p250.
3. Exposure Category

 It is dependent on the surface roughness conditions, which are:

1. Surface Roughness B: Urban and suburban areas, wooded areas, or other
terrain with numerous closely spaced obstructions having the size of single-
family dwellings or larger.
2. Surface Roughness C: Open terrain with scattered obstructions having heights
generally less than 30 ft(9.1 m). This category includes flat open country and
grass lands.
3. Surface Roughness D: Flat, unobstructed areas and water surfaces. This
category includes smooth mud flats, salt flats, and unbroken ice.
3. Exposure Category

1. Exposure Category B:
• Mean height ≤ 30 ft(9.1 m), Surface Roughness B in the upwind direction shall extend for a
distance greater than 1500 ft(457 m).
• Mean height > 30 ft(9.1 m), Surface Roughness B in the upwind direction shall extend for a
distance greater than 2600 ft(792 m) or 20 times the height of the building, whichever is
greater.
2. Exposure Category C:
• Exposure C shall apply for all cases where Exposures B or D do not apply.
3. Exposure Category D:
• Surface Roughness D in the upwind direction shall extend for a distance greater than 5000
ft(1524 m) or 20 times the building height, whichever is greater.
• Surface Roughness immediately upwind of the site is B or C, and the site is within a
distance of 600 ft (183 m) or 20 times the building height, whichever is greater, from an
Exposure D condition as defined in the previous sentence.
4. Topographic Factor

 Abrupt changes in topography may lead to “Wind Speed-Up effect”.

4. Topographic Factor

 Wind Speed-Up effect is considered when:

1- Hill, ridge or escarpment is isolated and unobstructed upwind by other similar
topographic features of comparable height for 100 times the height of the topographic
feature (100H) or 2 miles (3.22 km), whichever is less. This distance shall be measured
horizontally from the point at which the height H of the hill, ridge or escarpment is
determined.
2- The hill, ridge, or escarpment protrudes above the height of upwind terrain features
within a 2-mi (3.22-km) radius in any quadrant by a factor of two or more.
3- The structure is located in the upper one-half of a hill or ridge or near the crest of an
escarpment.
4- H/Lh ≥ 0.2.
5- H is greater than or equal to 15 ft (4.5 m) for Exposure C and D and 60 ft (18 m) for
Exposure B.
4. Topographic Factor

 Kzt is determined using table 26.8-1,p252+253.

 If site conditions and locations of structures do not meet all the conditions
specified in Section 26.8.1 then Kzt = 1.0.
5. Gust Effect Factor

 The gust-effect factor, G, for a rigid building or other structure is permitted

to be taken as 0.85.
 All low-rise buildings may be considered rigid.
 Low-rise buildings: Enclosed or partially enclosed buildings that comply with
the following conditions:
1. Mean roof height h less than or equal to 60 ft (18 m).
2. Mean roof height h does not exceed least horizontal dimension.
6. Enclosure Classification
 For the purpose of determining internal pressure coefficients, all buildings
shall be classified as enclosed, partially enclosed, or open as defined in
Section 26.2.
6. Enclosure Classification

1. Open Structure: A building having each wall at least 80 percent open. This
condition is expressed for each wall by the equation Ao ≥ 0.8 Ag
Where;
Ao = total area of openings in a wall that receives positive external pressure, in
ft2 (m2)
Ag = the gross area of that wall in which Ao is identified, in ft2 (m2)
6. Enclosure Classification

2. Partially Enclosed Structure: can experience “ballooning” or suction effects

caused by the build-up of internal pressure.
 Partially enclosed Is typically assigned to structures when any wall meets both
of the following conditions:
1. Ao > 1.10Aoi
2. Ao > 4 ft2 (0.37 m2) or > 0.01Ag, whichever is smaller, and Aoi/Agi ≤ 0.20
Where:
Aoi = the sum of the areas of openings in the building envelope (walls and roof)
not including Ao, in ft2 (m2)
Agi = the sum of the gross surface areas of the building envelope (walls and roof)
not including Ag, in ft2 (m2)
6. Enclosure Classification

3. Enclosed Structure: A building that does not comply with the requirements
for open or partially enclosed buildings.
7. Internal Pressure Factor
 Internal pressure coefficients, (GCpi), shall be determined from Table 26.11-1
based on building enclosure classifications determined from Section 26.10.
Directional Procedure

 Chapter 27 applies to the determination of MWFRS wind loads on enclosed,

partially enclosed and open buildings of all heights using the Directional
Procedure.

 For enclosed and partially enclosed rigid buildings:

p = q G Cp – qi (GCpi) (N/m2)
Directional Procedure

 Steps for estimating wind load using envelope procedure:

1. Determine basic Wind Speed V (Fig. 26.5-1A, B or C)
2. Determine wind load parameters:
a. Wind directionality Factor Kd (Table 26.6-1)
b. Exposure category (Section 26.7)
c. Topographic factor Kzt (Table 26.8-1)
d. Gust factor, G (Section 26.9)
e. Enclosure classification (Section 26.10)
f. Internal pressure coefficient (GCpi) (Table 26.11-1)
Directional Procedure

 Steps for estimating wind load using envelope procedure:

3. Determine velocity pressure exposure coefficient, Kz or Kh, see Table 27.3-1
4. Determine velocity pressure, qz or qh, Eq. 27.3-1
5. Determine external pressure coefficient, Cp or CN, using Fig. 27.4-1 through
27.4-7, depending on roof type and enclosure classification.
6. Calculate wind pressure, p, from Eq. 27.4-1 through 27.4-3.
4. Velocity Pressure Exposure Coefficient
5. Velocity Pressure

 q = 0.613*Kz,h*Kzt*Kd*V^2 (N/m2); V in m/s

• q=qz for windward walls at height z.
• q=qh for leeward, side walls and roofs at height h.
 qi = qz for positive internal pressure evaluation in partially enclosed buildings
where height z is defined as the level of the highest opening in the building
that could affect the positive internal pressure
 qi = qh for windward walls, leeward walls, side walls and roofs for enclosed
and negative pressure of partially enclosed structures.
6. External Pressure Coefficient

 This coefficient is determined using tables 27.4-1 through 27.4-7, depending

on enclosure classification and roof type.
 Notation:
1. L: Horizontal dimension parallel to wind direction.
2. B: Horizontal dimension normal to wind direction.
7. Wind Pressure

 p = q G Cp – qi (GCpi) (N/m2)
 Design wind pressure shall not be less than 770 N/m2
 At least two load cases shall be considered separately along each principal
axis. Load cases are shown in table 27.4-8.
Example:

 The following structure (60x30) is in a rural area with no topographic changes.

 The structure is considered to be enclosed.
 If gust wind speed V = 140 km/hr, find wind load on structure due to wind moving
in X-Direction.
Example:

 Solution: Steps 1,2 and 3.

1. V = 140 km/hr = 39m/s.
2. Kd= 0.85 (Slide 16).
3. Exposure D (Slide 17)..
4. Kzt= 1.0 (Slide 21).
5. Check if low-rise: h = 13m, <18m and <30m (least horizontal dimension)
Low-rise → Rigid → G= 0.85.
6. Enclosed (Slide 23).
7. (Gcpi) = ±0.18 (Slide 27).
Example:

 Solution: Steps 4 and 5.

kh (Slide 31).
qh = 0.613*kzt*kd*kh*V^2

Height (m) kz qz (N/m2)

0-4.6 1.03 820
6.1 1.08 860
7.6 1.12 890
9.1 1.16 920
12 1.22 970
Example:

 Solution: Step 6.
Using Table 27.4-1.
For walls:
L/B = 30/60 = 0.5.
Surface Cp
Windward Wall 0.80
Leeward Wall -0.50
Side Walls -0.70
Example:

 Solution: Step 6.
Using Table 27.4-1.
For Roof:
Normal to ridge (‫)قمة السطح‬,Ø=7.6˚, h/L=13/30=0.43.

Zone Cp
0-6 -0.90,-0.18
6-12 -0.90,-0.18
12-24 -0.50,-0.18
24-30 -0.30,-0.18
Example:

 Solution: Step 7.
Pressure calculations: Since it is an enclosed structure, q i = qh.
1) Windward wall: P = qz G Cp – qh (GCpi), considering minimum value = 770 N/m2

Height (m) P (N/m2)

0-4.6 770
6.1 770
7.6 780
9.1 800
12 835
Example:

 Solution: Step 7.
Pressure calculations: Since it is an enclosed structure, q i = qh.
2) Leeward wall: P = qh G Cp – qh (GCpi), considering minimum value = 770 N/m2
P = 970*0.85*-0.5 – 970*0.18 = -590 N/m2, take P = -770 N/m2.

3) Side walls: P = qh G Cp – qh (GCpi), considering minimum value = 770 N/m2

P = 970*0.85*-0.7 – 970*0.18 = -752 N/m2, take P = -770 N/m2.
Example:

 Solution: Step 7.
Pressure calculations: Since it is an enclosed structure, q i = qh.
4) Roof: P = qh G Cp – qh (GCpi), considering minimum value = 770 N/m2

Zone P (N/m2)
0-6 -920
6-12 -920
12-24 -770
24-30 -770