Sampling & Sampling Distribution

Sampling is the
process of selecting a
few from many in order
to carry out research.

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 Population Sample
1. The entire group of people or objects 1. Sample may be defined as representative
to which the researcher wishes to unit of a target population, which is to be
generalize the study findings. worked upon by researchers during their
study. In other words, sample consists of a
2. It refers to the group of being subset of units which comprise the
studied. population selected by investigators or
Example: researchers to participates in their research
 All
project.
people with AIDS in Pakistan
Example:
 All Senior High School in STI College
 Male with AIDS in Pakistan
Sta. Maria
 STEM Senior High School students in STI
 All JHS studying in private schools of
College Sta. Maria
Sta. Maria
 FemaleJHS studding in private schools of 3

Sta. Maria
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Sampling Distribution is the probability
distribution that describes the probability for
each mean of all samples with the same sample
size 𝑛.

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 Sampling Distribution

The main goal of sampling is to possess information or

characteristics of the Population.

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 Types of Sampling Techniques

Probability sampling Non-probability sampling

A method of sampling that uses of Prone to bias since it is employed.
random selection so that all units/ Researchers deliberately select their
cases in the population have an equal target individuals from the populations.
probability of being chosen.

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Random Sampling is a method of selecting
a sample (random sample) from a statistical
population. It is also a method in which 𝑛
measurements from a population is a subset
of a population selected in a manner such
that every sample of size 𝑛 from the
population has an equal chance of being
selected.

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Types of Random Sampling

 Each element of the frame has an equal

chance of selection.

 Suppose your college has 1500 students

(population) and you need to conduct a
short survey on the quality of the food
served in the cafeteria. You decide that a
sample of 170 students (sample) should
be sufficient for your purposes.

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 Is a random sampling technique in which a
list of elements of the population is used as
a sampling frame, and the elements to be
included in the desired sample are selected
by skipping through the list at regular
intervals.

 Selecting every nth subject from a list of the

members of the population

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 Is a random sampling technique in which the
population is first divided into strata and then
samples are randomly selected separately from
each stratum.

 The strata are divided according selected traits

of the population such as age, gender, religion,
socio-economic status, diagnosis, education,
geographical region, type of institution, type of
care, type of registered nurses, nursing area
specialization, site of care,

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12
Cont…
c. Each units (students) from each strata will be numbered, then the
sample from each strata will be selected at random.

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Parameter is a measure that describes a population.
Parameters are usually denoted by Greek letters. Population
mean 𝜇 , population variance 𝜎 2, and population standard
deviation 𝜎 are examples of parameters.
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Statistic is a measure that describes a
sample. Statistics are usually denoted
by Roman letters. Examples of statistics
are mean 𝑥̅, sample variance 𝑠2, and
sample standard deviation 𝑠.

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EXAMPLE
1. Consider the population consisting of the values 2,3 and 5. Find the:
a. Population Mean
b. Population Variance
c. Population Standard Deviation
2. List all the possible samples of size 2 that can be drawn from the population
with replacement. Then compute the mean for each sample.

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3. Find the following:
a. Mean of the Sampling distribution of Mean.
b. Variance of the Sampling distribution of Mean.
c. Standard Deviation of the Sampling distribution of Mean.

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 Population Mean Population Variance

𝝁=
∑ 𝒙
𝝈
𝟐
=
∑ ( 𝒙 −𝝁 ) 𝟐

𝑵 𝑵

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 Population Standard Deviation

√ ∑ ( 𝒙 − 𝝁) 𝟐

𝝈=
𝑵

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a. Population Mean

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b. Population Variance

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c. Population Standard Deviation

a.

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List all the possible samples of size 2 that can
be drawn from the population with
replacement. Then compute the mean for each
sample.

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Observation Sample

1 2,2 2.0 -1.33 1.77

2 2,3 2.5 -0.83 0.69

3 2,5 3.5 0.17 0.03

4 3,3 3.0 -0.33 0.11

5 3,2 2.5 -0.83 0.69

6 3,5 4.0 0.67 0.45

7 5,2 3.5 0.17 0.03

8 5,3 4.0 0.67 0.45

9 5,5 5.0 1.67 2.79

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Find the following:
a. Mean of the Sampling distribution of Mean.
b. Variance of the Sampling distribution of Mean.
c. Standard Deviation of the Sampling distribution of
Mean.

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Mean of Sampling Distribution of Mean Variance of Sampling Distribution of Mean

𝟐
∑ 𝒙 𝟐𝝈
𝝈 𝒙=
𝝁𝑿 = 𝒏
𝒏

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 Standard Deviation of Sampling
Distribution of Mean

𝝈
𝝈𝒙=
√𝒏

𝝈 =√ 𝝈 𝟐
𝒙

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 a. Mean of the Sampling
distribution of Mean
𝝁𝑿 =
∑ 𝒙
𝒏

𝟑𝟎
𝝁𝑿 =
𝟗

𝝁 𝑿 =𝟑 . 𝟑𝟑
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 b. Variance of the Sampling
distribution of Mean
𝟐
𝟐 𝝈
𝝈 𝒙=
𝒏

𝟐 𝟕 . 𝟎𝟏
𝝈 𝒙=
𝟗
𝟐
𝝈 𝒙 =𝟎 . 𝟕𝟖

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 c. Standard Deviation of the
Sampling distribution of Mean
𝝈
𝝈𝒙= 𝝈 𝒙 =𝟎 . 𝟐𝟗
√𝒏
𝟎 . 𝟖𝟖
𝝈𝒙=
√𝟗
𝟎 . 𝟖𝟖
𝝈𝒙=
𝟑
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 Means

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