Module 4
Module 4
MODULE 4
Module 4
1.Discuss the different types of additives used in lubricants.
2.Summarize on any three desirable properties of a lubricant.
6. State Newton’s law of viscosity. Illustrate the effect of temperature, pressure, and shear rate on viscosity.
The viscosity index (VI) is an arbitrary, unit-less measure of a fluid's change in viscosity
relative to temperature change.
The lower the VI, the more the viscosity is affected by changes in temperature.
Viscosity index Classification
Under 35 Low
35 to 80 Medium
80 to 110 High
Above 110 Very high
Method of calculation of VI
When the pressure of a liquid or gas is increased, the molecules come closer and
intermolecular forces increase. As a result viscosity changes.
The viscosity of petroleum based mineral oils increase rapidly with an increase in pressure
and by several orders of magnitude.
Roelands expression
Viscosity of fluid varies as a function of shear rate and the branch of study dealing with
this is known as fluid rheology
VISCOSITY STANDARDS
Commonly used viscosity grades have been standardized as
• ISO (International Standards Organisation)
• SAE (Society of Automotive Engineers)
• AGMA (American Gear Manufactures Association)
(i) ISO Grades
18 viscosity grades in the range of 2 cst to 1500 cst (40°C)
Viscosity grade indicate its mid-point kinematic viscosity in cst at 40°C.
To be in a grade in this system, the viscosity of oil should be within 10% of the mid-point
viscosity.
The graduation is based on the principle that the mid-point kinematic viscosity of each
grade is nearly 50% greater than the preceding one.
(ii) SAE Grades
SAE viscosity grades are categorized into , (a) SAE engine oil, (b) SAE transmission
lubricants
1. Function
2. Ingredients
3. Terminology
4. Ease of Use
5. Longevity
6. Cost