The BTS contains the RF components that provide the air/radio interface for a particular cell.

This is the network element of the GSM network which communicates or transmit data with the MS and other NE in the following manners: Modulation/ demodulation: Superimposes the speech data (low freq. 20 to 20000Hz) on to high freq. wave of allotted to operator ( 900 MHZ) It is responsible for Frequency Hoping. Ciphering; coding of speech is done to avoid any eve-dropping of speech using algorithms known to BTS and Mobile station. GSM speech Coding: It converts Analog voice to digitized speech (8000 samples per sec. using a scheme called RPE-LTP which stands for regular pulse excitation with long term prediction) to get 260 bits every 20 ms Interleaving: Positioning of data bits is done to transmit the part of speech data on different bursts. Power control .

GSM
Speech to Radio waves
Analog Analog

Speech Coding Channel Coding

Speech Decoding Channel Decoding

Interleaving

De-interleaving

Burst formatting
Ciphering Modulation
200kHz BW

Burst formatting
Deciphering Demodulation
200kHz BW
2

Height :20-25

RTT
Height :10-15m

Height : 6-8m

Height :15-25m

Base Station Subsystem

Comprises of the Base Transceiver Station (BTS) Base Station Controller (BSC)

Base Transceiver Station

A Typical BTS Site comprises BTS Equipment RF Antennas Transmission Media Microwave / OFC Power Plant ACDB Air Conditioners Generator

GSM ARCHITECTURE

BTS VIEW

INTERNAL VIEW OF BTS

CT TRANS-RECEIVE UNIT (CTU)

C T U

SURF- SECTRIAL UNIVERSAL RECEIVE FRONT

VIEW OF THE SURF

DUPLEXER

Cell Global Identity ( CGI ) :

LAI MCC MNC CGI MCC MNC LAC CI = Mobile Country Code = Mobile Network Code = Location Area Identity = Cell Identity LAC CI

There are two types of alarms identified at BTS site.

ALARMS AT BTS Site

EXTERNAL ALARMS

INTERNAL ALARMS

EAS
(External Alarm

System)

AT BTS Site

External Alarm System (EAS) ALARMS

1. 2. 3.

4.
5. 6. 7.

8.
9. 10.

EAS alarms are determined relative to the specific environment of the BSS site which is external to the cabinets These alarms severely affect the performance of the BTS. The EAS alarms are as follows Mains Fails Power Plant DG on Load DG on NO load Low Fuel Level (LFL) Engine Fault Door Open A.C Fail High Room Temperature (H.R.T) Smoke

MAINS FAIL
Description
Mains Fail alarms occurs due to cut in continues main AC

power supply to the BTS, which comes directly from the electricity board of the local area .

Possible causes
May be as usual gone of Electricity May be some problem in the main electric power switch.

POWER PLANT
Description
Power Plant alarms occurs simultaneously after the Mains

Fail alarm, as due to non availability of Main AC power supply due the BTS

Possible causes
Non- availability of Mains Power May be as usual gone of Electricity

DG on LOAD/(Site ON DG)
Description
This alarm followed by Mains & Power plant alarm as these

both alarms occurs due to non-availability of AC power supply. For the proper functioning of BTS, there should be continuous power supply given to BTS. In the absence of power supply, the DG on LOAD alarm occur. It means the DG (Dynamo Generator) will active & give appropriate power supply to the BTS for proper functioning.

It works on 2 Mode

1. Automatic- It means that DG works automatic when the power supply gone. 2. Manually- It means that to active the DG there is a need of site engineer to start the DG manually ( by hand)

DG on NO LOAD
Description

It occurs when the DG not taking a LOAD to give proper supply to BTS in the absence of Mains Power supply.
Possible causes

May be there is some problem in the DG like plates/ Belt breakdown, Fan not functioning etc.

Low Fuel Level (LFL)

Description This alarm followed when the DG on LOAD occur, for the functioning for DG the is fuel (diesel) required, when this level is down from its some specific level the LFL alarms occur. It can be removed by re-filling the DG again by site engineer at BTS site

DOOR OPEN
Description

It occurs when the a door open at the BTS site. It is of Two type:-

1. Internal Door Open- When the BTS cabinet is open. 2. External Door Open- When the BTS shelter door is open

AC Fail
Description Its occurs when the working AC in the BTS not functioning properly.
Due to low gas, inlet or outlet pipe problem, fan

problem etc.

High Room Temperature (H.R.T)

Description HRT alarm followed by the AC fail alarm, when the AC at the BTS site not work properly, the temperature at BTS site increase gradually. Due to which sensor at BTS show the alarm at BTS site, which may affected the functioning of BTS

Fire & Smoke

Description This alarm followed by AC & HRT alarms, This alarm indicates that smoke has been detected within a Base Transceiver Station (BTS) cabinet. This fault condition indicates that the cabinet is overheated to a level which may damage the equipment inside. Due to this AC may malfunction, causing the equipment to overheat.

IAS
(Internal Alarm

System) AT BTS Site

Internal Alarm System (IAS) ALARMS

IAS alarms are determined relative to the specific

environment of the BSS site which is internal to the cabinets

These alarms are severely affected the performance of

the BTS.

Power supply unit - Input failure

Description This alarm indicates that there has been a loss of AC power. Due to this power loss, the cabinet has switched to the emergency battery backup input power supply. +27 V battery backup input power supply powers the BTS until the AC power can be restored or until the battery voltage drops out of range. Possible causes The following are the Possible causes for this alarm: For an indoor system: The input voltage is out of specification causing the failure. (In this case, the power supply units would operate for a small duration until the input voltage is out of range). For an outdoor system: The AC supply is faulty.

Power supply unit - Output failure

Description
This alarm indicates that there has been a loss of output

power due to the failure of the Power Supply Unit (PSU). It is also possible that the output power failure is due to the input feed (voltage) which is interrupted (or discontinued) due to faulty equipment.

Possible causes
The input feed (voltage) is lost causing the output failure. The output power supply cable is faulty.

Smoke Alarm
Description
This alarm indicates that smoke has been detected within

a Base Transceiver Station (BTS) cabinet. This fault condition indicates that the cabinet is overheated to a level which may damage the equipment inside. This alarm is generated because an internal cabinet over temperature condition is detected by either the BTS (or Ancillary) Over Temperature Thermostat or by a Power Supply Unit (PSU) that has overheated.

BTS Cabinet Over Temperature

Description This alarm indicates that a Base Transceiver

Station (BTS) cabinet ambient temperature has overheated to a level of 70C which is beyond the (safe) temperature range allowed for proper operation of BTS equipment. This internal cabinet condition has been detected by either the BTS Over Temperature Thermostat or by the Power Supply Unit (PSU) which has overheated.

Duplexer Voltage Error

Description One of the duplexer blocks has a Duplexer Detect alarm. This alarm indicates that the VSWR circuitry in the duplexer has no power. The additional data indicates which duplexer detected the failure.

Spare Fuse Failure

Description The +27 V power supply spare fuse on an alarm board failed.
The Power Distribution Unit (PDU) consisting of the Alarm Interface Board (AIB) and the Power Distribution Board (PDB). Power Alarm Board (PAB). Distribution Alarm Board (DAB).

DRI: Hard reset DRI: TX VSWR antenna fault DRI: Transmitter failure - Output power

RSL Alarm

MTL Alarm
XBL Alarm

1.Control and supervise the BTSs. 2.BSC collects the statistics about the handover, successful calls and traffic per cell etc. 3.Configure each cell with the allocation and the release of traffic and signalling channels 4.Manage the paging operation 5.Collect the signals quality measures acquired by the BTSs over the downlink and uplink channels 6.Manage all the radio interfaces 7.Transcode and Sub-multiplex the bit stream Operate and sustain the whole BSS

Performance Measurements
Key Performance Indices [KPI] Call Set-up success rate Call Success Rate Drop Rate Traffic in Erlangs Congestion Key/Grade of Service Hand Over Failure Rate TCH/SDCCH Congestion Max TCH Available/Used (%) Max SDCCH Available/Used (%)

1.Interferanc 2.Neighbour issue 3.MAIO clashes 4.Low coverage 5.No.of Freq.in MAlist of sectors isles than other sectors 6.DRI fault 7.Error in Abis 8. Faulty transmission and switching cards in BSC. 9.Presence of Jammwrers in coverage Area. 10.RXCDR problem

1.Poor quality in the destination cell 2.Co BCCH and BSIC issue 3.Wrong neighbours 4.DRI mal funtioning 5.BTS BSC Synchronisation loss 6..Handover parametwrswrongly define 7.Interfarence 8.Cable Swap

Maintenance of Hardware of BTS (CTU, combiner, duplexer, Antenna etc.) Clearing all the alarms pertaining to HW of BTS including VSWR, IOI, Path Bal Monitoring the performance of BTS (KPI) To ensure smooth functioning of BTS

1.Signaling on the Air Interface 2.Broadcast of general system information 3.Synchronisation 4.Channel assignment 5.Paging 6.Power control and handover

CHANNEL CONCEPT
CHANNELS
Downlink

Uplink

Physical channel - Each timeslot on a carrier is referred to as a physical channel. Per carrier there are 8 physical channels. Logical channel - Variety of information is transmitted between the MS and BTS. There are different logical channels depending on the information sent. The logical channels are of two types Traffic channel Control channel

CHANNEL CONCEPT
GSM Traffic Channels

Traffic Channels

TCH/F Full rate 22.8kbits/s

TCH/H Half rate 11.4 kbits/s

CHANNEL CONCEPT
GSM Control Channels
Control Channels

BCH ( Broadcast channels ) Downlink only

CCCH(Common Control Chan) Downlink & Uplink

DCCH(Dedicated Channels) Downlink & Uplink

BCCH
Broadcast control channel

Synch. Channels

Random Access Channel

RACH

Cell Broadcast Channel

CBCH

SDCCH
Standalone dedicated control channel

Associated Control Channels

ACCH

SCH
Synchronisation channel Frequency Correction channel

FCCH

Paging/Access grant

PCH/ AGCH

Fast Associated Control Channel

FACCH

Slow associated Control Channel

SACCH

CHANNEL CONCEPT
BCH Channels BCCH( Broadcast Control Channel ) Downlink only Broadcasts general information of the serving cell called System Information BCCH is transmitted on timeslot zero of BCCH carrier Read only by idle mobile at least once every 30 secs. SCH( Synchronisation Channel ) Downlink only Carries information for frame synchronisation. Contains TDMA frame number and BSIC. FCCH( Frequency Correction Channel ) Downlink only. Enables MS to synchronise to the frequency. Also helps mobiles of the ncells to locate TS 0 of BCCH carrier.

CHANNEL CONCEPT
CCCH Channels RACH( Random Access Channel ) Uplink only Used by the MS to access the Network.

AGCH( Access Grant Channel ) Downlink only Used by the network to assign a signalling channel upon successfull decoding of access bursts.

PCH( Paging Channel ) Downlink only. Used by the Network to contact the MS.

CHANNEL CONCEPT
DCCH Channels SDCCH( Standalone Dedicated Control Channel ) Uplink and Downlink Used for call setup, location update and SMS. SACCH( Slow Associated Control Channel ) Used on Uplink and Downlink only in dedicated mode. Uplink SACCH messages - Measurement reports. Downlink SACCH messages - control info. FACCH( Fast Associated Control Channel ) Uplink and Downlink. Associated with TCH only. Is used to send fast messages like handover messages. Works by stealing traffic bursts.

Call Processing
Introduction

This section covers the procedures involved in establishing a call connection between subscribers and the routing of the associated traffic.
An MS can participate in one of two types of calls : Mobile Terminated Call : This is a call received by an MS that has been originated either from another MS (internal or external to the PLMN) or from a fixed network (e.g. PSTN) subscriber. Mobile Originated Call : This is call originated by an MS within a PLMN.

1.MS acces the BTS for call through RACH. 2.BSS allots SDCCH to MS for signalling information. 3.BSS informs MSC the call request of MS. 4.MSC checks the subs. Authentification with VLR. 5. MSC request to GMSC to connect PSTN. 6.GMSC contacts the local exchange (LE)or called subs. 7.LE informs the availability of the called subs. 8.GMSC informs the same to MSC. 8.MSC asks the BSS to provide link to MS. 9. BSS allots the TCH to MS . 10. Call alert to both calling and called subs on FACCH. 11.Through connection made and billing starts.

1.PSTN user dials the MSISDN,LE routes the call to GMSC. 2.GMSC uses the dialled MSISDN to determine the serving HLR asks the HLR to obtain MSRN. 3.The HLR requests the current serving VLR for MSRN to route to concerned MSC,VLR passes MSRN to HLR which is passed to GMSC, 4.GMSC routes the call to concerned MSC. 5.TheMSC interrogates the VLR for current location area identity for MS 6.VLR provides LAI for MS. 7.MSC pages to MS via BSS;MS responds to the paging and set up the signalling link. 8. When the BSS eastablishes the necessary radio link the MSC is informed and the call is delivered to MS. 9. When the MS answers the call , the connection is completed to the calling PSTN number

Call Connect Procedure

Network to Mobile
Paging Request Channel Request Immediate Assignment Paging Response Authentication Authentication Response Setup Confirmation Connect Connection Acknowledgment

Call Setup Procedure

Mobile to PSTN

VLR

HLR

3 1 2

4 5

BSS
7 6

MSC

GMSC

PSTN

Call Setup Procedure

PSTN to Mobile
3 VLR 4 8 11 9 9 7 12 6 5 1 2 HLR

10 13

BSS

10 13

MSC

GMSC

PSTN

Mobile Originating Calls