Lecture 02

Lecture No 02
EEE-435
Industrial Electronics
Text Book: Chapter 02 Industrial electronics by Frank D. Petruzella
 Ch 1 Part 2 Grounding, Lockout, Electrical codes and standards

 2.1: Electric Symbols
 2.2: Ladder Diagram
Instructor: Usman Nasim

Electrical Engineering Department
1
Lockout and Tagout
• Electrical “lockout” is the process of removing the source of electrical

power and installing a lock, which prevents the power from being
turned ON.
• Electrical “tagout” is the process of placing a danger tag on the
source of electrical power, which indicates that the equipment may
not be operated until the danger tag is removed (Figure 1-10).
• This procedure is necessary for the safety of personnel in that it
ensures that no one will inadvertently energize the equipment while
it is being worked on.
Lockout
• Lockout means achieving a zero state of energy while equipment is being
serviced. Just pressing a stop button to shut down machinery won’t provide
you with security.
• Someone else working in the area can simply reset it.
• Even a separate automated control could be activated to override the
manual controls.
• It’s essential that all interlocking or dependent systems also be deactivated.
These could feed into the system being isolated, either mechanically or
electrically.
• It’s important to test the start button before resuming any work in order to
verify that all possible energy sources have been isolated.
Lockout procedure
The following are the basic steps in a lockout procedure:
Prepare for machinery shutdown:

• Document all lockout procedures in a plant safety manual.
• This manual should be available to all employees and outside contractors
working on the premises.
• Management should have policies and procedures for safe lockout and should
also educate and train everyone involved in locking out electrical or
mechanical equipment.
• Identify the location of all switches, power sources, controls, interlocks, and
other devices that need to be locked out in order to isolate the system.
Lockout procedure
Machinery or equipment shutdown:
• Stop all running equipment by using the controls at or near the machine.
Machinery or equipment isolation:
• Disconnect the switch (do not operate if the switch is still under load).
Stand clear of the box and face away while operating the switch with the
left hand (if switch is on right side of the box).
Lockout procedure
• Lockout and tagout application:
Lock the disconnect switch in the OFF position. If the switch box is the
breaker type, make sure the locking bar goes right through the switch
itself and not just the box cover. Some switch boxes contain fuses, and
these should be removed as part of the lockout process.
• Release of stored energy:
All sources of energy that have the potential to unexpectedly start up,
energize, or release must be identified and locked, blocked, or released.
Lockout procedure
Verification of isolation:
• Use a voltage test to determine that voltage is present at the line side
of the switch or breaker.
• When all phases of outlet are dead with the line side live, you can
verify the isolation.
• Ensure that your voltmeter is working properly by performing the
“live-dead-live” check before each use:
• First check your voltmeter on a known live voltage source of the same
voltage range as the circuit you will be working on.
Lockout procedure
Lockout/tagout removal:
• Remove tags and locks when the work is completed.
• Each individual must remove his or her own lock and tag.
• If there is more than one lock present, the person in charge of the
work is the last to remove his or her lock.
• Before reconnecting the power, check that all guards are in place and
that all tools, blocks, and braces used in the repair are removed.
• Make sure that all employees stand clear of the machinery.
Electrical Codes and Standards
• OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION (OSHA)

• In 1970, Congress created a regulatory agency known as the
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA).
• The purpose of OSHA is to assure safe and healthful working
conditions for working men and women by authorizing enforcement
of standards developed under the Act, by encouraging and assisting
state governments to improve and expand their own occupational
safety and health programs, and by providing for research,
information, education, and training in the field of occupational
health and safety.
NATIONAL ELECTRICAL CODE (NEC)
• The National Electrical Code (NEC) comprises a set of rules that, when
properly applied, are intended to provide a safe installation of
electrical wiring and equipment.
• This widely adopted minimum electrical safety standard has as its

primary purpose “the practical safeguarding of persons and property
from hazards arising from the use of electricity.”
NATIONAL FIRE PROTECTION ASSOCIATION (NFPA)
• The National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) develops codes governing

construction practices in the building and electrical trades.
• It is the world’s largest and most influential fire safety organization. NFPA
has published almost 300 codes and standards, including the National
Electrical Code, with the mission of preventing the loss of life and property.
• Fire prevention is a very important part of any safety program.

Classes of fire
• Class A fires are those fueled by materials that, when they burn, leave
a residue in the form of ash, such as paper, wood, cloth, rubber, and
certain plastics.
• Class B fires involve flammable liquids and gases, such as gasoline,
paint thinner, kitchen grease, propane, and acetylene.
• Class C fires involve energized electrical wiring or equipment such as
motors and panel boxes.
• Class D fires involve combustible metals such as magnesium, titanium,
zirconium, sodium, and potassium.
NATIONAL ELECTRICAL MANUFACTURERS
ASSOCIATION (NEMA)
• The National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA) is a group

that defines and recommends safety standards for electrical
equipment.
• Standards established by NEMA assist users in proper selection of

industrial control equipment.
INSTITUTE OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS
ENGINEERS (IEEE)
• The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) is a

technical professional association whose primary goal is to foster and
establish technical developments and advancements in electrical and
electronic standards.
• IEEE is a leading authority in technical areas. Through its technical
publishing, conferences, and consensus-based standards activities,
the IEEE produces more than 30 percent of the world’s published
literature in electrical and electronic engineering.
• For example, IEEE Standard 142 provides all the information you need
for a good grounding design.
Electrical Symbols
• The symbols used to represent industrial electrical and electronic
components can be considered a form of technical shorthand.
• The use of these symbols tend to make circuit diagram less
complicated and easier to read and understand.
• In industrial control systems, symbols and related lines show how the
parts of a circuit are connected to one another.
Electrical Symbols
• Not all electrical and electronics symbols are standardized.
• Different manufacturers use different symbols.
• Symbols used to represent switches consist of node points (places
where circuit devices attach to each other), contact bars, and the
specific symbol that identifies that particular type of switch, as
illustrated in Figure.
Fuse Electrical Symbols
Electric Symbols
Commonly used Abbreviations for electrical Terms
• An abbreviation is the shortened form of a word or phase. Uppercase letters are
used for most abbreviations. The following is a list of some of the abbreviations
commonly used in motor circuit diagrams.
• AC alternating current ARM armature AUTO automatic BKR breaker
• COM common CR control relay CT current transformer
• DC direct current DB dynamic braking
• FLD field FWD forward GRD ground HP horsepower
• L1, L2, L3 power line connections LS limit switch

• MAN manual MTR motor M motor starter NEG negative
• NC normally closed NO normally open OL overload relay PH phase
• PL pilot light POS positive PWR power PRI primary PB push button
• REC rectifier REV reverse RH rheostat SSW safety switch SEC secondary
• SOL solenoid SW switch T1, T2, T3 motor terminal connections
• TD time delay TRANS transformer 3PH three-phase 1PH single-phase

Electric drawing
• Electric drawings provide information on circuit operation, device and
equipment location, and wiring instructions.
• A variety of control diagrams and drawings are used to install,
maintain, and troubleshoot motor control systems.
• These include ladder diagrams, wiring diagrams, line diagrams, and
block diagrams.
Ladder Diagrams
• A “ladder diagram” (considered by some as a form of a schematic
diagram) focuses on the electrical operation of a circuit, not the
physical location of a device.
• A ladder diagram is schematic representation of an electric circuit.
• Two power lines connected to the power source, various circuit connect
across them.
• It provide information on circuit operation, device and equipment
location, and wiring instructions.
• Although a control device may have more than one set of contacts, only
the contacts used in the circuit are represented on control drawings.
Ladder Diagram
Wiring Diagram

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Lecture No 02

 Ch 1 Part 2 Grounding, Lockout, Electrical codes and standards

Instructor: Usman Nasim

• Electrical “lockout” is the process of removing the source of electrical

Prepare for machinery shutdown:

Machinery or equipment shutdown:

Machinery or equipment isolation:

• OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION (OSHA)

• This widely adopted minimum electrical safety standard has as its

• The National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) develops codes governing

• Fire prevention is a very important part of any safety program.

• The National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA) is a group

• Standards established by NEMA assist users in proper selection of

• The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) is a

commonly used in motor circuit diagrams.

• AC alternating current ARM armature AUTO automatic BKR breaker

• COM common CR control relay CT current transformer

• DC direct current DB dynamic braking

• FLD field FWD forward GRD ground HP horsepower

• L1, L2, L3 power line connections LS limit switch

• NC normally closed NO normally open OL overload relay PH phase

• SOL solenoid SW switch T1, T2, T3 motor terminal connections

• TD time delay TRANS transformer 3PH three-phase 1PH single-phase

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