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    RAM2

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    nedreeve97

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    RAM2

    Uploaded by

    nedreeve97
    2 views16 pages

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    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    2 views16 pages

    RAM2

    Uploaded by

    nedreeve97

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 16

    RAM

    NED
    Random Access Memory, what is it?

    - RAM typically resides on memory modules (which are what you would imagine as the little sticks
    you would place into a desktop PC).

    - A RAM memory chip is an integrated circuit made of millions transistors and capacitors.

    - It is volatile, which means that it loses its data once the power is turned off.

    - There are many types which include, (DRAM, SDRAM, VRAM, and SRAM)

    - We can also find virtual memory which is an extension of normal RAM found in the hard drive.
    TYPES OF RAM

    SDRAM - (top)
    DRAM - (left)
    SRAM - (right)
    DRAM

    - DRAM (Dynamic Random Access Ram) is the


    sort of RAM that we would find in our older
    computers.

    - DRAM is generally the slowest type of RAM;


    however, it is also the densest, and thus much
    information can be stored easily on it.

    - It uses capacitors and transistors.


    SRAM

    - This is the RAM that we would find in the CPU in


    L1 and L2 cache as well as different registers in the
    CPU.

    - It is faster but much more expensive and less dense.

    - It uses latching circuitry (flip-flop) to store each bit.

    - It is volatile (like all RAM), however unlike


    DRAM it does not have to refresh frequently as its
    data does not decay as rapidly.
    SDRAM

    - SDRAM is essentially the better version of


    DRAM
    - It has replaced DRAM in general personal
    computing due to its greater speed.
    - The only difference in the fact it is synchronised
    with the systems clock, which when compared to
    traditional DRAM which is asynchronous, turns
    out to be much more efficient.
    - SDRAM can be split into: SDR DDR DDR2
    DDR3, and DDR4 (next slide)
    SDR DDR ….

    - DR stands for data route.

    - S for single

    - D for double

    - Then we have DDR2 DDR3 and so on

    - Number refers to generation and so higher the number, the more efficient
    the SDRAM will be.

    - SDR (Single Data Rate): In SDR memory, data is transferred once per
    clock cycle. The memory transfers data on the rising or falling edge of the
    clock signal, effectively transferring one piece of data per cycle.

    - DDR (Double Data Rate): DDR memory, on the other hand, transfers data
    on both the rising and falling edges of the clock signal. This allows DDR
    memory to effectively transfer two pieces of data per clock cycle,
    doubling the data transfer rate compared to SDR.
    Memory Modules

    - There are 4 main types of memory modules.

    - SIMM’s

    - DIMM’s

    - SODIMM’s

    - RIMM’s
    SIMM’S
    DIMM’S

    DIMM’S
    SODIMM’s
    RIMM’s
    How is RAM able to store information?

    - Address lines

    - Transistors

    - Data lines

    - Capacitors
    Most RAM must be recharged
    CONSTANTLY
    - Imagine a cup being filled up with water, but the cup has holes.

    - If we want to keep it filled, we must keep supplying water.

    - It is the same with RAM.


    Error detection

    - Some RAM uses parity.

    - E.g. even and odd parity.

    - EVEN

    - If we have the 8-bit number 10101010, what is the parity bit we add?

    - ODD

    - With the same number, what would be the parity bit?


    Error Control

    - Many high-end servers have a form of error-checking.

    - It is known as error correction code (ECC).

    - It means that bits can be recovered, however, if more than one bit is corrupted then the whole byte of
    data is lost.

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