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Telecommunication Systems
Spring 2006
1 Cable Network What is a Cable Network? Have a TV signal 'delivered' to a central location and then pass it on to individual TV sets Cable Companies obtain a license for a specific geographic location Cable Companies offer their own contents at a premium price (such as movie channels or sports channels) Cable companies run a unique connection directly into customer’s premises We can use the cable network to share files with neighbors and have local information services at your fingertips 2 Cable Network What is the relation of a Cable TV Network with internet? Cable Company puts a splitter box in cutomer’s premises Internet access through cable is done using Cable Modem A cable modem attaches to your computer through an Ethernet Network Interface Card ('NIC') A cable modem is theoretically capable of receiving data at 30Mbps
3 Cable Network "Cable Modem" refers to a modem that operates over the ordinary cable TV network cables TV operator connects a Cable Modem Termination System at the Head-End Cable modems are available as an internal, external or set- top box device An external cable modem is a small box that will typically have two connections, one to the cable wall outlet and the other to a computer through a standard 10Base-T Ethernet card
4 Cable Network An internal cable modem is typically a PCI bus add-in card for a PC Cable Operators assign a spectrum of signal frequencies to the cable network One spectrum is used for the signals that move from the Head-End towards the cable subscriber, and another spectrum of signal frequencies are used for the signals that move from the cable subscriber towards the Head-End
5 Cable Network Connected to the Head-End is a trunk cable that enters various sections of a city. Connected to the trunk cable are a number of branch networks that connect to feeder cables (or taps), which enter the subscribers homes and connect to a cable set-top box Located at the Head-End is the Cable Modem Termination System (CMTS) Connected to the CMTS are multiple fiber optic cables that enter various neighborhood locations that serve a smaller number of homes 6 Cable Network A fiber optic neighborhood node is placed between every fiber optic cable and trunk cable Connected to the trunk cable is a branch network that connects to feeder cables The modern day cable networks of installing fiber infrastructure in a neighborhood and then splitting out coaxial (copper) cable to individual homes is known as Fiber To The Neighborhood (FTTN) or Fiber To The Curb (FTTC) depending on how close the optical nodes are to the homes
7 Cable Network Traditional Cable Network Architecture
8 Cable Network Bandwidth capacity of cable network Traditional coaxial cable networks typically operate with 330MHz or 450MHz of bandwidth capacity, whereas modern hybrid fiber/coax (HFC) networks are expanded to 750 MHz or more HFC networks with 750MHz of bandwidth have the capacity for some 110 TV channels where each TV channel requires 6MHz of the frequency spectrum Like a TV channel, downstream and upstream data channels usually require 6MHz of the frequency spectrum 9 Cable Network For data transmission across the cable network cable operators assign a single 6MHz channel within the 50MHz - 750MHz frequency spectrum to carry signals downstream to the cable subscribers homes and a 6MHz channel within the 5MHz - 42MHz frequency spectrum to carry signals upstream to the Head-End Like a TV channel, downstream and upstream data channels usually require 6MHz of the frequency spectrum
10 Cable Network A Cable Modem Termination System (CMTS) is a vital component that Cable Operators must install at the Head-End A CMTS instructs a cable modem when to transmit signals upstream and which channel to use A CMTS instructs a cable modem when to transmit signals upstream and which channel to use A CMTS demodulates upstream signals, translates them back into IP packets and redirects them to a central switch The central switch redirects the IP packets to an IP router for transmission across the Internet 11 Cable Network In the opposite direction it modulates downstream signals for transmission across Hybrid Fiber Coax (HFC) cables to the subscribers One CMTS will normally provide support for up to 1000 simultaneous cable modem subscribers across a single 6MHz channel If more cable modems are desired, it is achieved by adding more channels to the CMTS All cable modems can only receive from and send signals to the CMTS, but not directly to other cable modems on the network 12 Cable Network Fiber coaxial neighborhood nodes are deployed in various neighborhood locations. They are placed between a fiber optic cable and trunk cable All fiber optic cables terminate in fiber coaxial neighborhood nodes A fiber coaxial neighborhood node may be feeding up to two thousand cable modem users Downstream signals are transmitted as optical signals A fiber coaxial neighborhood node converts the optical signals so they can be transmitted across the trunk cables, branch networks and feeder cables that connect to the cable modems in the subscribers homes The cable modem demodulates the incoming signals and translates them back into IP packets which the computer can understand 13 Cable Network To transmit signals upstream the process is reversed. When the signals reach the Fiber Optic Neighborhood Node they are converted back to optical signals and then transmitted across fiber optic cables back to the Cable Modem termination System at the Head-End Downstream signals from the Head-End are broadcast to all cable modem subscribers on the same network Each cable modem filters out the signal it needs from the stream of signals 14 Cable Network Infrastructure of a modern cable network HFC - Hybrid Fiber Coax
Interfaces to other networks
Master Headend Regional Regional Headend Headend Secondary Ring Primary Ring
Hub
Cluster of about Optical Nodes CATV-Net 125 -2000 customers 15 Cable Network To offer high-speed Internet services, a cable operator creates a data network that operates over its hybrid fiber/coax (HFC) plant A typical cable network consists of a regional cable head end which feeds distribution hubs through a metropolitan area network fiber ring A the distribution hub, signals are modulated onto analogue carriers and then transported over fiber- optic lines to nodes serving 125 to 2,000 homes From the node, these signals are carried via coaxial cable to a home or business 16 Cable Network Two main standards have been developed The Multimedia Cable Network Systems (MCNS), Data Over Cable System Interface Specification (DOCSIS) The Institute of Electronic and Electrical Engineering's (IEEE) 802.14 specification In terms of communications speed, bandwidth efficiency, performance, robustness, and power consumption the MCNS DOCSIS specification is a better choice It has also been approved as the standard for the transmission of data over cable networks by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) 17 Cable Network A single downstream 6 MHz channel may support up to 27 Mbps of data throughput from the Head- End using 64QAM while speeds can be boosted to 36 Mbps using 256QAM A single 6MHz upstream channel may support between 500Kbps to 10Mbps of data throughput from cable subscribers homes using 16 QAM or QPSK depending on the amount of frequency spectrum allocated for the service
