01 DM - bt1001 - E01 DWDM Principles 62p

DWDM Principles
Contents
 WDM Overview
 Optical Fiber Transmission character
 Key technologies of DWDM
 DWDM Working Wavelength
2
WDM Definition & Relationship with Other
Services
WDM (Wavelength Division Multiplexing )

technology is a fiber communication technology
transmitting multiple optical carriers with
information on one fiber .
3
© ZTE Corporation. All rights reserved
Difference Between DWDM and SDH
Electrical
Transmitter Receiver
Regenerator
l1 TDM: Electrical Regenerator
R
T for Single Wavelength
Electrical Multiplex Electrical Demultiplex
l1 l2 lN
DWDM: Multi-wavelength l1 l1
on Single Fiber, for Optical l2 l2
Amplification OA
lN lN
Optical Multiplexer Optical Demultiplexer
4
DWDM Features
 Large transparent transmission capacity greatly saves fiber resources.

 Each wavelength can carry different signal: SDH 2.5Gbps, 10 Gbps, ATM, IP, etc.
 Through super-long distance transmission technologies, the transmission cost is
reduced.
5
WDM Products Deploy in Network
eNB
2G/3G
Base
BSC/RNC S-GW
station PTN/IP RAN
MSTP
eNB S-GW
eNB
eNB
Enterprise OTN Backbone

Customer OTN 40/80x100 80x100G WDM deploy in
40x10G G network
Enterprise
OTN Enterprise Aggregate Metro Core Customer
Customer
Layer
Splitter
Internet
OLT BRAS RadiusServer

IPTV DCN
DSLAM Fix Network

multicast
FTTX Switch SR CR
MSAG
WLAN
EPG Server
6
WDM Classification
 CWDM: Coarse Wavelength Division

Multiplexing
 DWDM : Dense Wavelength Division
Multiplexing
7
WDM Classification
 CWDM: Coarse Wavelength Division Multiplexing

 DWDM : Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing
DWDM
C-Band L-Band
O-Band E-Band S-Band
129013101330135013801400 14201440 1470 1490151015301550157015901610
λ(nm)
CWDM
8
DWDM System
Optical Transmitter OLA Optical Receiver
Ch 1 λ1 λ1 Ch 1
OTU1 OTU1
Input
OMU
ODU
┇ ┇ Output
BA LA PA
Ch N λs λs λs λs Ch N
OTUn OTUn
λn λn
SC
SC SC
EMS
9
Common NE in DWDM System
Client side Line side
λ1
λn
λ1 Line side Line side

λn
OTM
λ1 λn λ1 λn
Line side Line side
Client side
OADM
OLA
10
DWDM Development Trend
Large
Intelligent Sustainable
Capacity
 From 10G to  Optical /

400G  FOADM / Electrical layer
 Multi- ROADM protection
Services  WASON  Equipment
access (SDH, Control protection
Ethernet, plane  WASON
ATM, POS etc) protection
 Large transparent transmission capacity greatly saves fiber resources.

 Through super-long distance transmission technologies, the
transmission cost is reduced.
11
Contents
 WDM Overview
 Optical Fiber Transmission Character
12
Optical Fiber & Type
Coating Cladding Core

Optical fiber consists of a
cylindrical glass core, a glass
cladding and a plastic wear-
resisting coating.
n2 n1
FC SC LC
13
Transport Characteristics of Optical Fibers
Attenuation
Dispersion
Non-liner Effect
14
Attenuation
 It is the reduction of signal strength or light power over the

length of the light-carrying medium.
 Fiber attenuation is measured in decibels per kilometer (dB/km).
Intrinsic & Impurity Absorbency

Attenuation
Scattering Absorbency
Attenuation
Additional Attenuation
15
Division of Low-loss Window
3.0
~140THz
2.5
~50THz
OH - assimilate peak
2.0
Fiber Loss OH -assimilate peak
（dB/km）
1.5
1310 1550
I II V III IV
1.0 850 OH - assimilate peak
0.5
O E C L Lanbda（nm）
S
0
800 1000 1200 1400 1600
O Band Original 1260-1360 nm
E Band Extended 1360-1460 nm
S Band Short 1460-1530 nm • Theoretical Value : 0.19－
C Band Conventional 1530-1565 nm
0.35 dB/km,
L Band Long 1565-1625 nm • Engineering Value :
U Band Ultra-long 1625-1675 nm
0.275dB/km
16
Dispersion
SMF
power power
time time
Input optical pulse Output optical pulse
As the optical pulse signals are transmitted for

long distance, the pulse wave shape spreads
Dispersion
by time at the fiber output end, this
phenomenon is called dispersion.
17
Kind of Dispersion
CD ---- Chromatic Dispersion
PMD ---- Polarization Mode Dispersion
18
Chromatic Dispersion
1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1
Input Time
1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1
Output
Time
 Optical signals of different wavelength have different speeds in the

optical fiber, and this will cause a phenomena called dispersion.
 Chromatic dispersion is the result of material dispersion, waveguide
dispersion.
19
Influences of Chromatic Dispersion
 Pulse spreading
 A major influence of chromatic dispersion to system performance.
When transmission distance is longer than fiber dispersion
length, pulse spreading is too large. At this time, the system will
have serious inter-symbol interference and bit errors.
20
Dispersion Tolerance
 Parameter of dispersion tolerance for laser source (Ds)

 Dispersion parameter for optical fiber (D)
 Longest transmission distance: Ds/D
 Example:
 If Ds = 12800 ps/nm, SMF(G.652), dispersion is D = 20 ps/km/nm，and then
the longest transmission distance of this optical source is 640km.
21
Polarization Mode Dispersion
 This problem occurs because the fiber is not consistent along its length. Due to
bending and twisting, as well as temperature changes, the fiber core is not
exactly circular. The result is that the modes in the fiber exchange power with
each other in a random fashion down the fiber length, which result in different
group velocities; the signal breaks up. In effect, the light travels faster on one
polarization plane than another.
 Due to geometrical and pressure asymmetry, two polarization modes have
different transmission rates, resulting in delay and PMD.
 In digital transmission system, PMD will result in pulse separation and pulse
spreading, degrade transmission signal and limit transmission rate of carriers.
22
Non-linear Effects
Four Wave Mixing (FWM)
Self-phase Modulation (SPM)
Cross-phase Modulation (XPM)
Stimulated Raman Scattering (SRS)
Stimulated Brillouin Scattering (SBS)
23
Four Wave Mixing (FWM)
λ1f λ2f λ3 λ1 λ4 λ2 λ3
 FWM refers to a physical process of energy exchange between multiple

optical carriers caused by the non-linear effect of fiber, when multiple
frequencies of optical carriers with high power are simultaneously
transmitted in the fiber.
 FWM results in optical signal energy attenuation in multiplexing
channels and channel crosstalk.
24
Single Phase Modulation (SPM)
Intensity
Light Intensity
Pulse width before Optical spectrum

transmission before transmission
refractive index
Intensity
Optical Signal Phase

Pulse width after
transmission
Optical spectrum after
transmission Modulation
 Due to dependency relationship between refractive index and light intensity,

refractive index changes during optical pulse continuance, with pulse peak phase
delayed for both front and rear edges.
 With more transmission distance, phase shift is accumulated continuously and
represents large phase modulation upon certain distance.
 As a result, spectrum spreading results in pulse spreading, which is called SPM .
25
Cross Phase Modulation (XPM)
The Signal Phase

Refractive of channel Refractive of channel
Modulation of
A change. B change.
channel B.
 When two or more optical waves with different frequencies are simultaneously
transmitted in a non-linear media, the amplitude modulation of each frequency
wave will result in the corresponding change of the fiber refractive index,
resulting in non-linear phase modulation of the optical wave with other
frequencies, which is called XPM.
 Decrease the Influence of XPM:
 Increase the channel space.
 Reduce the signal power .
26
Stimulated Raman Scattering (SRS)
P P
λ1 λ2 λ3 λ4 λ1 λ2 λ3 λ4
λ λ
Input Output
 SRS affect results in attenuation of signals with short wavelength and

reinforcement of signals with long wavelength.
 Decrease the Influence of SRS:
 Keep the optical power balance of each site.
 Reduce the signal power .
27
Stimulated Brillouin Scattering (SBS)
Scattering Power
Output Power
Input Power
 For intense beams (e.g. laser light) travelling in a medium such as an optical fiber, the
variations in the electric field of the beam itself may produce acoustic vibrations in the
medium via electrostriction or radiation pressure. The beam may undergo Brillouin
scattering from these vibrations, usually in opposite direction to the incoming beam, a
phenomenon known as stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS). For liquids and gases, typical
frequency shifts are of the order of 1–10 GHz (wavelength shifts of ~1–10 pm for visible
light). Stimulated Brillouin scattering is one effect by which optical phase conjugation can
take place.
28
Common Types of SMF
Dispersion non-shifted fiber, has a nominal zero-dispersion

G.652 wavelength in the 1310 and 1550 nm window.
Dispersion-shifted fiber, zero dispersion at 1550 nm

G.653
window, easy to cause FWM.
1550nm low attenuation，1310nm zero-dispersion,

G.654 mainly used in SOFC (Submarine Optical Fiber Cable)
Non-zero dispersion fiber, used in 1550 nm window. Less

G.655 dispersion coefficient, dispersion limited transmission
distance can be hundreds of km; prevent FWM.
29
Contents
 WDM Overview
 Optical Source
 Optical Multiplexer And Demultiplexer
 Optical Amplifiers
 The Supervision Of WDM System
30
Optical Transponders
 Using O-E-O to realized the optical conversion

Receive Transmit
Client Side WDM Lambdas
Module Module
Access Output
(O/E) (E/O)
Supervise & Communication

Circuit System
Supervision Board
 Requirements of Optical Source:

 Larger dispersion tolerance value.
 Standard and stable wavelength.
31
Contents
 WDM Overview
 Optical Source
32
Optical Muliplexer and Demultiplexer
Multiplexer Demultiplexer
Fiber
 Diffraction Grating
 Thin Film Filter (TFF)
 Array Waveguide (AWG)
 Coupling Type
33
Diffraction Grating
λ1,2,3,...n
λ1
λ2
λ3
λ4
λn
 Optical signals with different wavelengths have different reflecting

angles on grating, it divides and combines the optical signals with
different wavelengths. It has sound wavelength selection performance,
capable of narrowing wavelength interval to about 0.5 nm.
 Advantages: wavelength interval less than 0.5nm, insertion loss will not
increased by the increased of multi-channel.
 Disadvantages: the temperature stability is sensitive.
34
Thin Film Filter (TFF)
λ 1,2,3,...n
λ1
λ3
λ2
λ5
λ4
λ7
λ6
 It consists of dozens layers of dielectric films with different materials, different refractive
indexes and different thickness values. One layer features high refractive index and the other
layer features low refractive index, therefore emerging a passband within certain wavelength
range and a stopband within other wavelength ranges.
 Advantages: low insertion loss, high temperature stability, the flat of signal passband.
 Disadvantages : channel quantity is limited, manufacture complicated.
35
Array Waveguide (AWG)
 It is essentially a multistage, multi cross-connect wavelength coupler. The delay lines

between the two sides cause different phase shifts for different wavelength and therefore
different wavelengths from one input appear at different outputs.
 By coupling each input to all outputs and controlling the characteristics of the coupling, a
wavelength at any input can be coupled to a selected outputs.
 Advantages: easy to volume production, support large amount of channels, small

dimensions of module. Widely used in WDM system.
 Disadvantages: Need temperature compensation.

36
Coupling Type
λ 1
λ 2
λ 3
λ 4
λ 5
λ 1，2，3……
λ 6
λ 7
λ 8
 It is a surface interactive device with two or more fibers which are closed
to each other and are properly melted.
 Advantages: Good temperature performance, good optical channel
passband, easy to volume production.
 Disadvantages: large dimensions of module, can only multiplex and
can’t demultiplex.
37
Relationship between DWDM Systems and
Typical OM/OD
Multiplex De-multiplex
Type
<32 32 40 80 <32 32 40 80
Coupler - √ - - - - - -
AWG - √ √ - - √ √ -
TFF √ √ - - √ √ - -
DG - - - √ - - - √
38
Key Performance Indices
Represents the quantity of optical channels

Multi Channel
multiplexed/ demultiplexed made by the OM/OD,
Quantity closely related to resolution and isolation of the
device.
Channel Represents the isolation distance between

Isolation multiplexed optical channels in the optical devices.
The attenuation effect of OM/OD to optical signals directly

Insertion Loss
affects system transmission distance.
39
The ratio between the reflection optical power and

Reflection
incidence optical power at the input end of the
Coefficient OM/OD. Smaller coefficient is preferable.
Channel bandwidth at -0.5 dB describes the

passband feature of the OD.
Bandwidth Channel bandwidth at -20 dB describes the
stopband feature of the OD.
40
Contents
 WDM Overview
 Optical Source
41
Optical Amplifier
 Its development overcame the biggest barrier on high speed

long distance transmission - receiving optical power limit.
 It amplifies all the wavelength at once and without optical-
electrical-optical conversion.
Classifications of Optical Amplifier
{
Resonance Type
{
Semiconductor OA
Progressive Wave Type
{
1550 nm fiber amplifier (EDFA)
{
Lanthanon Doped FA
1310 nm fiber amplifier (PDFA)
Fiber amplifier
{
Raman FA (SRA)
Non-linear FA
Brillouin FA (SBA)
42
EDFA Composition
Erbium
Doped Fiber
Isolator Isolator
Coupler
PIN POUT
Used to suppress light Used to combine

reflection to ensure signal light with
stable working of the pump light The optical signal stimulates
optical amplifier Pump the unstable Erbium ions to
Laser release the excess energy as
photons in phase and at the
same wavelength.
Generates pump light that As this process continues
stimulates the erbium atoms down the fiber, the signal
to release their stored energy grows stronger.
Pump light is typically
as additional 1550 nm 1480 nm or 980 nm
43
EDFA Working Principle
N3 ~0 at
980 nm
Fast non-radiation decay
Pump level
1550 nm N2 at Metastable
980 nm pump Signals Level
Amplified
1480 nm Signals
pump Plus ASE
N1 at
Ground
Level
44
Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier (EDFA)
λ1 λ1
λ2
λ2
O O
D •
• M
• U •
U
• •
OBA OLA OLA OPA
λn λn
 EDFA includes:
 Optical Booster Amplifier (OBA) - high optical output power.
 Optical Line Amplifier (OLA) - compensate the loss of the transmission line.
 Optical Pre Amplifier (OPA) - low noise.
45
 1.Gain (G)
 The ratio between output optical signal power and input optical signal power.
 2.Noise Figure (NF)

 The ratio between SNR at EDFA input end and SNR at output end.
 3.Bandwidth
 The working wavelength range of DWDM system covers C and L bands. The
optical amplifier needs to amplify all the multiplexing channel signals of the
system, so its bandwidth should be wide enough.
 4.Gain flatness
 The allowed fluctuation of EDFA gain within the specified working band
range. For the sake of sound flatness, aluminum doped technology is usually
used in the EDF.
46
output spectrum of EDFA,Psignal=93.2766 PASE+=0.56514
Ptotal=93.8417mw
10
0
spectrum/dbm
-10 Before using

-20
Gain flatness
-30
-40
-50
1520 1525 1530 1535 1540 1545 1550 1555 1560 1565 1570
wavelength/nm
output spectrum of EDFA,Psignal=81.3068 PASE+=0.46032 Ptotal=81.7671mw
5
0
spectrum/dbm
-5
-10
-15 After using
-20
-25 Gain flatness
-30
-35
-40
-45
1520 1525 1530 1535 1540 1545 1550 1555 1560 1565 1570
wavelength/nm
47
Problems of EDFA
 Optical Surge
 Non-liner Effect
 Bandwidth
 Dispersion
48
Problems of EDFA
 Optical Surge
 Under normal condition, the erbium ions stimulated by the pump light are
carried off by the signal light, and thus implement amplification of the signal
light. If the signal light is interrupted, the metastable ions still converge
continuously, so energy transient will occur leading to optical surge.
R0 T1 A R2 T3
LA LA LA LA
A B
Multiplexing Multiplexing
T0 R1 T2 R3
LA LA LA LA
OTS
OMS
 To solve this, Automatic Power Reduction (APR) or Automatic

Power Shutdown (APSD) function is implemented in the EDFA.
49
Problems of EDFA
 Non-linear effect
 When the optical power is increased to a certain degree, fiber non-linear
effect will occur. Therefore, in the use of fiber amplifier, it is required to
control the value of the in-fiber optical power in a single channel.
 Bandwidth
 Bandwidth refers to the range of the optical wavelength which can be
amplified flatly. The working wavelength range of the EDFA in C band is 1530
nm ~ 1561 nm, and in L band is 1565 nm ~ 1625 nm.
 Dispersion
 As transmission distance increase, the total dispersion increases
correspondingly. Therefore, the current-free relay segment in WDM system
cannot be prolonged limitlessly. We can prolong the current-free relay
distance of the multiplexing section through dispersion compensation
measures.
50
Contents
 WDM Overview
 Optical Source
51
4 Supervision System
OMU OBA OLA OLA OLA OPA ODU
OSC OSC OSC OSC OSC
ODU OMU
OPA OLA OLA OLA OBA

 Detection, control and management are basic requirements of all network
operations.
 To ensure secure operation of DWDM system, physically, the monitoring system

is designed as an independent system separated from working channels and
devices.
 Used to transmit the NE management and supervision information related to

DWDM system
52
Functions
 1.Fault alarm
 2.Fault location
 3.Quality parameter supervision in the operation
 4.Control over backup line upon line interruption
 5.EDFA supervision.
53
Requirements of OSC
 1.It can not restrict the optical wavelengths (980 nm and 1480 nm) of
the pump light source in the optical amplifier.
 2.It can not restrict the transmission distance between two LAs.
 3.It can not restrict the services on the 1310 wavelength.
 4.It should still be available upon failure of the LA.
 5.OSC transmission is bidirectional to ensure the supervision information
can be received by the line terminal when one fiber is broken.
 6.OSC transmission segment can be dropped on each optical amplifier
relay station and DWDM system office station and added with new
supervision signals.
Take 1510nm as preferential OSC Channel
54
Contents
 WDM Overview
 Key Technologies of DWDM
55
Working Wavelength of DWDM System
8/16/32/40-wavelength
system
 Working wavelength range: C band (1530 nm ~ 1565 nm)

 Frequency range: 192.1 THz ~ 196.0 THz
 Channel interval: 100 GHz
 Central frequency offset: ±20 GHz (at rate lower than 2.5 Gbit/s);
±12.5 GHz (at rate 10 Gbit/s)
56
Wavelength Allocation of 40CH/100GHz Interval
on C Band
No. Central Frequency (THz) Wavelength (nm)
1 192.1 1560.61
2 192.2 1559.79
3 192.3 1558.98
4 192.4 1558.17
5 192.5 1557.36
6 192.6 1556.55
7 192.7 1555.75
8 192.8 1554.94
9 192.9 1554.13
10 193.0 1553.33
11 193.1 1552.52
12 193.2 1551.72
13 193.3 1550.92
14 193.4 1550.12
15 193.5 1549.32
16 193.6 1548.51
17 193.7 1547.72
18 193.8 1546.92
19 193.9 1546.12
20 194.0 1545.32
57
on C Band
21 194.1 1544.53
22 194.2 1543.73
23 194.3 1542.94
24 194.4 1542.14
25 194.5 1541.35
26 194.6 1540.56
27 194.7 1539.77
28 194.8 1538.98
29 194.9 1538.19
30 195.0 1537.40
31 195.1 1536.61
32 195.2 1535.82
33 195.3 1535.04
34 195.4 1534.25
35 195.5 1533.47
36 195.6 1532.68
37 195.7 1531.90
38 195.8 1531.12
39 195.9 1530.33
40 196.0 1529.55
58
80 -wavelength system
 Working wavelength range: C band (1530 nm ~ 1565 nm)

 Frequency range: C band (192.1 THz ~ 196.0 THz)
 Central frequency offset: ±5 GHz
59
on C Band
No. Central Frequency (THz) Wavelength (nm)
1 196.05 1529.16
2 196.00 1529.55
3 195.95 1529.94
4 195.90 1530.33
5 195.85 1530.72
6 195.80 1531.12
7 195.75 1531.51
8 195.70 1531.90
9 195.65 1532.29
10 195.60 1532.68
11 195.55 1533.07
12 195.50 1533.47
13 195.45 1533.86
14 195.40 1534.25
15 195.35 1534.64
16 195.30 1535.04
17 195.25 1535.43
18 195.20 1535.82
19 195.15 1536.22
20 195.10 1536.61
60
160 - wavelength system
 Working wavelength range: C band (1530 nm ~ 1565 nm) + L

band (1565 nm ~ 1625 nm)
 Frequency range: C band (192.1 THz ~ 196.0 THz) + L band
(190.90 THz ~ 186.95 THz)
 Central frequency offset: ±5 GHz
61

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DWDM Principles

WDM (Wavelength Division Multiplexing )

Electrical Multiplex Electrical Demultiplex

Optical Multiplexer Optical Demultiplexer

 Large transparent transmission capacity greatly saves fiber resources.

Enterprise OTN Backbone

OLT BRAS RadiusServer

DSLAM Fix Network

 CWDM: Coarse Wavelength Division

 CWDM: Coarse Wavelength Division Multiplexing

129013101330135013801400 14201440 1470 1490151015301550157015901610

Optical Transmitter OLA Optical Receiver

λ1 Line side Line side

 From 10G to  Optical /

 Large transparent transmission capacity greatly saves fiber resources.

Coating Cladding Core

 It is the reduction of signal strength or light power over the

Intrinsic & Impurity Absorbency

1.0 850 OH - assimilate peak

As the optical pulse signals are transmitted for

CD ---- Chromatic Dispersion

PMD ---- Polarization Mode Dispersion

 Optical signals of different wavelength have different speeds in the

 Parameter of dispersion tolerance for laser source (Ds)

Four Wave Mixing (FWM)

Self-phase Modulation (SPM)

Cross-phase Modulation (XPM)

Stimulated Raman Scattering (SRS)

Stimulated Brillouin Scattering (SBS)

 FWM refers to a physical process of energy exchange between multiple

Pulse width before Optical spectrum

Optical Signal Phase

 Due to dependency relationship between refractive index and light intensity,

The Signal Phase

 SRS affect results in attenuation of signals with short wavelength and

Dispersion non-shifted fiber, has a nominal zero-dispersion

Dispersion-shifted fiber, zero dispersion at 1550 nm

1550nm low attenuation，1310nm zero-dispersion,

Non-zero dispersion fiber, used in 1550 nm window. Less

 DWDM Working Wavelength

 Using O-E-O to realized the optical conversion

Supervise & Communication

 Requirements of Optical Source:

 DWDM Working Wavelength

 Optical signals with different wavelengths have different reflecting

 It is essentially a multistage, multi cross-connect wavelength coupler. The delay lines

 Advantages: easy to volume production, support large amount of channels, small

 Disadvantages: Need temperature compensation.

Represents the quantity of optical channels

Channel Represents the isolation distance between

The attenuation effect of OM/OD to optical signals directly

The ratio between the reflection optical power and

Channel bandwidth at -0.5 dB describes the

 DWDM Working Wavelength

 Its development overcame the biggest barrier on high speed

Used to suppress light Used to combine

 2.Noise Figure (NF)