Seventh Edition

CHAPTER MECHANICS OF
MATERIALS
2 Ferdinand P. Beer
E. Russell Johnston, Jr.
John T. DeWolf Stress and Strain
David F. Mazurek
– Axial Loading
Lecture Notes:
Brock E. Barry
U.S. Military Academy

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Poisson’s Ratio
• For a slender bar subjected to axial loading:

• The elongation in the x-direction is

accompanied by a contraction in the other
directions. Assuming that the material is
homogeneous and isotropic (no directional
Fig. 2.29 A bar in uniaxial tension and a
representative stress element. dependence),

• Poisson’s ratio is defined as

Fig. 2.30 Materials undergo transverse

is positive since has opposite
contraction when elongated under axial load. sign to
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Poisson’s Ratio

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Multiaxial Loading: Generalized Hooke’s Law

• For an element subjected to multi-axial loading,
the normal strain components resulting from the
stress components may be determined from the
principle of superposition. This requires:
1) Each effect is linearly related to the load
that produces it.
2) The deformation resulting form any given
load is small and does not affect the conditions
of application of the other loads.
• With these restrictions:
 x  y  z
x    
E E E
 x  y  z
y    
E E E
 x  y 
Fig. 2.33 Deformation of unit cube under
z     z
multiaxial loading: (a) unloaded; (b) deformed. E E E

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Shearing Strain

• A cubic element subjected to only shearing stress

will deform into a rhomboid. The corresponding
shearing strain is quantified in terms of the change
in angle between the sides,
 xy  f  xy 

• A plot of shearing stress vs. shearing strain is

Fig. 2.36 Unit cubic element
subjected to shearing stress. similar to the previous plots of normal stress vs.
normal strain except that the strength values are
approximately half. For values of shearing strain
that do not exceed the proportional limit,
 xy  G  xy  yz  G  yz  zx  G  zx

where G is the modulus of rigidity or shear

modulus.
Fig. 2.37 Deformation of unit cubic
element due to shearing stress.

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Relation Between E, and G

E
 1   
2G

E
G
21   
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Example 1
A standard tension test is used to determine the properties
of an experimental plastic. The test specimen is 15mm
diameter rod and it is subjected to a 3.5kN tensile force.
Knowing that an elongation of 11mm and a decrease in
diameter of 0.625mm are observed in a 120mm gage
length, determine:
the modulus of elasticity,
the modulus, of rigidity,
and Poisson’s ratio for the material.

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Example 2
The brass rod AD is fitted with a jacket that is used to apply
a hydrostatic pressure of 48 MPa to the 240-mm portion BC
of the rod. Knowing that E = 105 GPa and v = 0.33,
determine (a) the change in the total length AD, (b) the
change in diameter at the middle of the rod.

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Concept Application 2.10

SOLUTION:
• Determine the average angular
deformation or shearing strain of
the block.
• Apply Hooke’s law for shearing stress
Fig. 2.41(a) Rectangular block loaded in shear.
and strain to find the corresponding
shearing stress.
A rectangular block of material with • Use the definition of shearing stress to
modulus of rigidity G = 90 ksi is find the force P.
bonded to two rigid horizontal plates.
The lower plate is fixed, while the
upper plate is subjected to a horizontal
force P. Knowing that the upper plate
moves through 0.04 in. under the action
of the force, determine (a) the average
shearing strain in the material, and (b)
the force P exerted on the plate.
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Concept Application 2.10

• Determine the average angular deformation
or shearing strain of the block.
0.04 in.
 xy  tan  xy   xy  0.020 rad
2 in.

• Apply Hooke’s law for shearing stress and

strain to find the corresponding shearing
Fig. 2.41(b) Deformed block showing stress.
the shear strain.
 
 xy  G xy  90 103 psi 0.020 rad   1800 psi

• Use the definition of shearing stress to

find the force P.
P   xy A  1800 psi 8 in.2.5 in.  36  103 lb

P  36.0 kips

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Sample Problem 2.5

A circle of diameter d = 9 in. is scribed on an

unstressed aluminum plate of thickness t = 3/4
in. Forces acting in the plane of the plate later
cause normal stresses x = 12 ksi and z = 20
ksi.
For E = 10x106 psi and  = 1/3, determine the
change in:
a) the length of diameter AB,
b) the length of diameter CD,
c) the thickness of the plate, and

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Sample Problem 2.5

SOLUTION: • Evaluate the deformation components.
• Apply the generalized Hooke’s Law B A  
  x d   0.533  103 in./in. 9 in.
to find the three components of
B A  4.8  103 in.
normal strain.
x  
 x  y  z
 
C D  
  z d   1.600  10 3 in./in. 9 in.
E E E
C D  14.4  103 in.
1  1 
      
 
12 ksi 0 20 ksi
10  106 psi  3 
 t   y t   1.067 103 in./in. 0.75 in.
 0.533  103 in./in.  t  0.800 103 in.
 x  y  z
y    
E E E
 1.067  103 in./in.
 x  y 
z     z
E E E
 1.600  103 in./in.

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Stress Concentration: Hole

Fig. 2.50 Stress distribution near Fig. 2.52(a) Stress concentration

circular hole in flat bar under axial factors for flat bars under axial loading.
loading.

Stress concentration factor Discontinuities of cross section may result in

 max high localized or concentrated stresses.
K
 ave
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Stress Concentration: Fillet

Fig. 2.52(b) Stress concentration

factors for flat bars under axial loading.

Fig. 2.51 Stress distribution near

fillets in flat bar under axial loading.

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Concept Application 2.12

SOLUTION:
• Determine the geometric ratios and
find the stress concentration factor
from Figure 2.52.
Determine the largest axial load P
• Find the allowable average normal
that can be safely supported by a
flat steel bar consisting of two stress using the material allowable
portions, both 10 mm thick, and normal stress and the stress
respectively 40 and 60 mm wide, concentration factor.
connected by fillets of radius r = 8 • Apply the definition of normal stress
mm. Assume an allowable normal to find the allowable load.
stress of 165 MPa.

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Concept Application 2.12

• Determine the geometric ratios and
find the stress concentration factor
from Figure 2.52.
D 60 mm r 8 mm
  1.50   0.20
d 40 mm d 40 mm
K  1.82
• Find the allowable average normal
stress using the material allowable
normal stress and the stress
concentration factor.
 max 165 MPa
 ave    90.7 MPa
K 1.82

Fig. 2.52(b) Stress concentration

• Apply the definition of normal stress
factors for flat bars under axial loading. to find the allowable load.
P  A ave  40 mm 10 mm 90.7 MPa 

 36.3  103 N
P  36.3 kN

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