Aula 5 2019

Resistência dos materiais
Stress and Strain – Axial Loading

(TENSÃO E DEFORMAÇÃO: ESFORÇO
NORMAL )
Aula 5
UNTL-FECT-CE-2018
Poisson’s Ratio
(Coeficiente de Poisson)
• For a slender bar subjected to axial loading:
x
x  y z  0
E
• The elongation in the x-direction is

accompanied by a contraction in the other
directions. Assuming that the material is
isotropic (no directional dependence),
y  z  0
• Poisson’s ratio is defined as
lateral strain y 
   z
axial strain x x
2
Sample problem 8
Sample problem 9
A bar made of A-36 steel has the dimensions as shown. If an axial force of is applied to the
bar, determine the change in its length and the change in the dimensions of its cross
section after applying the load. The material behaves elastically. v= 0.32
SOLUTION
The normal stress in the bar is
From the table on the inside back cover for A-36

steel Est = 200 Gpa and so the strain in the z
direction is
The axial elongation of the bar

is therefore
Estado Multiplos de carregamento;

Generalização da Lei de Hooke
• For an element subjected to multi-axial
loading, the normal strain components
resulting from the stress components may be
determined from the principle of
superposition. This requires:
1) strain is linearly related to stress
2) deformations are small
• With these restrictions:

 x  y  z
x    
E E E
 x  y  z
y    
E E E
 x  y  z
z    
E E E
5
Dilatation: Bulk Modulus (Distorção) Pemuaian

• Relative to the unstressed state, the change in volume is
    
e  1  1   x  1   y 1   z   1  1   x   y   z 
 x  y z
1  2

E

 x  y  z 
 dilatation (change in volume per unit volume)
• For element subjected to uniform hydrostatic pressure,

31  2  p
e  p 
E k
E
k  bulk modulus
31  2 
• Subjected to uniform pressure, dilatation must be

negative, therefore
0    12
6
Shearing Strain (deformação cisalhamento)

• A cubic element subjected to a shear stress will
deform into a rhomboid. The corresponding shear
strain is quantified in terms of the change in angle
between the sides,
 xy  f  xy 
• A plot of shear stress vs. shear strain is similar the

previous plots of normal stress vs. normal strain
except that the strength values are approximately
half. For small strains,
 xy  G  xy  yz  G  yz  zx  G  zx
where G is the modulus of rigidity or shear

modulus.
7
Relation Among E, n, and G

• An axially loaded slender bar will
elongate in the axial direction and
contract in the transverse directions.
• An initially cubic element oriented as in
top figure will deform into a rectangular
parallelepiped. The axial load produces a
normal strain.
• If the cubic element is oriented as in the
bottom figure, it will deform into a
rhombus. Axial load also results in a shear
strain.
• Components of normal and shear strain are
related,
E
 1   
2G
G  E / 2(1  v )
8
Sample problem 10
An aluminum specimen has a diameter of do=25 mm and a gauge
length of Lo = 250 mm If a force of 165 kN elongates the gauge
length 1.20 mm, determine the modulus of elasticity. Also, determine
by how much the force causes the diameter of the specimen to
contract. Take G = 26 Gpa, σy=440 Mpa
Sample problem 11
Saint-Venant’s Principle
(Princípio de Saint-Venant)
• Loads transmitted through rigid
plates result in uniform distribution
of stress and strain.
• Concentrated loads result in large

stresses in the vicinity of the load
application point.
• Stress and strain distributions

become uniform at a relatively short
distance from the load application
points.
• Saint-Venant’s Principle:
Stress distribution may be assumed
independent of the mode of load
application except in the immediate
vicinity of load application points.
12
Stress Concentration
(Concentração de Tensões): Hole
Discontinuities of cross section may result in  max

K
high localized or concentrated stresses.  ave
13
Stress Concentration
(Concentração de Tensões ): Fillet
14
Sample problem 12

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Resistência dos materiais

Stress and Strain – Axial Loading

• The elongation in the x-direction is

• Poisson’s ratio is defined as

From the table on the inside back cover for A-36

The axial elongation of the bar

Estado Multiplos de carregamento;

• With these restrictions:

Dilatation: Bulk Modulus (Distorção) Pemuaian

• For element subjected to uniform hydrostatic pressure,

• Subjected to uniform pressure, dilatation must be

Shearing Strain (deformação cisalhamento)

• A plot of shear stress vs. shear strain is similar the

where G is the modulus of rigidity or shear

Relation Among E, n, and G

• Concentrated loads result in large

• Stress and strain distributions

Discontinuities of cross section may result in  max

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