INTRODUCTION TO

OPERATING SYSTEMS
UNDERSTANDING THE BACKBONE OF COMPUTING
WHAT IS AN OPERATING SYSTEM?

• An Operating System (OS) is a system software.

• Serves as an intermediary between users and computer hardware.
• Manage resources and providing essential services for executing programs.
• The first operating system, GM-NAA I/O, was Created by GM for IBM 704
Computer(International Business Machine) in 1956.

OPERATING SYSTEM
 WORKING
• User Control: You feel in charge with the mouse, navigating freely on the screen.
• Task Summoning: A simple click opens applications like music libraries or
browsers.
• Invisible Management: The operating system (OS) works behind the scenes to
manage tasks.
• Process Coordination: The OS coordinates hardware and software interactions.
• Resource Management: It allocates memory and CPU resources effectively.
• User Experience: The OS aims to create an intuitive and seamless user experience.
• System Stability: It ensures system stability by managing processes and preventing
conflicts

OPERATING SYSTEM
KEY COMPONENTS OF AN OS

• Process Management: Manages running processes.

• Memory Management: Allocates and deallocates memory.
• File System Management: Organizes and manages data storage.
• Input/Output Devices: Let user Provide input and take Output from it.
• Security: Provide Security.
• Networking: Manage Computer Networks.
OPERATING SYSTEM
PROCESS MANAGEMENT

Process is a Program in Execution.

The OS is Responsible for some Activities related to Process Management:
• Scheduling: Determines execution order for Process.
• Creation & Deletion of both User & System Process.
• Multitasking: Enables simultaneous process execution.
• Suspending & Resuming Processes.
• Process States: Manages states such as running, waiting, and terminated.
OPERATING SYSTEM
MEMORY MANAGEMENT

Process to Optimize use of Main Memory.

• Ram is used to Store Data & Instruction Temporarily for Execution.
• Virtual Memory: Simulates additional memory using Hard Drive.
• Swap File: Area Hard Disk used for Virtual Memory.
• Paging: Swapping items between Memory & Disk.

OPERATING SYSTEM
FILE SYSTEM MANAGEMENT

File is a Collection of Related Information Defined by its Creator.

• File Organization: Structures data for easy access.
• File Operations: Supports creation, deletion, and detection.
• Access Control: Manages permissions for data security.
• File Backup on Stable Storage Devices

OPERATING SYSTEM
INPUT/OUTPUT MANAGEMENT

Input/output (I/O) management in OS is crucial for facilitating communication between

the system and external devices.
• I/O devices: Keyboard, Mic / Monitor, Speaker.
• Device Drivers: Each device has a specific driver that translates OS commands into
device-specific commands.
• Device Abstraction: Provides a uniform interface for devices.
• Buffering: Temporarily holds data during transfers. This helps manage Differences in
Speed of I/O Devices & CPU.
OPERATING SYSTEM
SECURITY IN OPERATING SYSTEMS

Security in OS is essential for protecting data, applications, and system

resources from unauthorized access, breaches, and attacks.
• User Authentication: Controls access through passwords.
• Patch Management: Regularly updating the OS and applications to fix
vulnerabilities and improve security.
• Protection Mechanisms: Safeguards against unauthorized access.
• Prevent Malware & Other Security Threats to infect Computer
OPERATING SYSTEM
NETWORKING AND THE OPERATING SYSTEM

The OS Plays an Important role in Managing Network Resources.

• Implementing protocols (TCP/IP, UDP) for reliable data transmission.
• Network Interface Management: The OS manages network interfaces
(wired, wireless) and their configurations.
• Socket Programming: Provides APIs for applications to create and manage
network connections using sockets, allowing for communication over
networks.
• Enforcing Security Measures like firewalls and encryption.
OPERATING SYSTEM
TYPES OF OPERATING SYSTEMS

• Batch Operating Systems: Processes batches of jobs.

• Time-Sharing Systems: Allows multiple users to access the system.
• Real-Time Operating Systems: Designed for immediate processing.

OPERATING SYSTEM
TYPES OF OPERATING
SYSTEM
OPERATING SYSTEM
TYPES OF OPERATING SYSTEM
Batch Operating System
Multi Programming Operating System
Multi Tasking Operating System
Real Time Operating System
Distributed Operating System
Embedded Operating System
Network Operating System
OPERATING SYSTEM
OPERATING SYSTEM
  BATCH OPERATING SYSTEM
A Batch Operating System processes groups of
jobs or tasks in batches without user interaction
during execution.
Batch operating systems aim to maximize
throughput by processing as many jobs as possible
in a given time frame.
Example:
 IBM
Univac
OPERATING SYSTEM
 MULTI PROGRAMMING OPERATING
SYSTEM
A Multiprogramming Operating System allows
multiple programs to run concurrently on a single CPU.
More tasks are completed in less time.
Number of processes reside in main memory at a time.
Examples:
UNIX
Linux
Windows NT
OPERATING SYSTEM
  MULTI TASKING OPERATING SYSTEM
Multi tasking operating system executes multiple
tasks or processes simultaneously.
It allows users to run more than one application at the
same time.
Enhances productivity and user experience.
Examples
Windows
macos
OPERATING SYSTEM
 REAL TIME OPERATING SYSTEM

Real Time Operating System executes the tasks within

defined time frame.
Unlike other operating systems it focuses on
predictability and reliability of task execution.
Examples
Free rtos
qnx

OPERATING SYSTEM
  DISTRIBUTED OPERATING SYSTEM
Distributed Operating System allows a group of
computers to work together as if they were a single
system.
If one computer fails, the system can still function
normally.
Users don’t need to know where resources are located,
everything feels local.
Example
Google drive
OPERATING SYSTEM
  EMBEDDED OPERATING SYSTEM
This operating system is designed to operate on embedded
systems---computers that are integrated into other devices
and are dedicated to specific functions
Unlike other operating systems, embedded operating systems
are optimized for performance, efficiency, and reliability.
examples
Windows Embedded
ThreadX
OPERATING SYSTEM
  NETWORK OPERATING SYSTEM
manages shared resources such as files, printers, and
applications.
allows multiple users to access them over the network.
Network operating system facilitate communication between
computers, messaging and remote access to the system.
Examples
Windows Server
Mac OS X Server

OPERATING SYSTEM
COMMONLY USED
OPERATING SYSTEMS
 Operating Architectu Target Key User Base Market
Systems re Features
Devices Share
Apple Mac Unix-based Desktops/ User- Creative
laptops friendly 15%–
OS interface 17%
professional
s
Microsoft NT-based Desktops/ Wide General
Windows Laptops software Users 75%–
support 77%

Google Linux-based Mobile Customizabl Developers/

Android OS Devices e Mobile 70%–
users 72%

Linux Unix-based Desktops/ Open- Tech 2%–3%

OS
OPERATING SYSTEM Servers source enthusiasts
OPERATING SYSTEM
MAC OS:

Intuitive Interface:
Mac OS is known for its clean, user-friendly interface that emphasizes simplicity
and ease of use.
Creative Tools:
Mac OS comes bundled with a suite of powerful creative applications, making it a
popular choice for designers, artists, and multimedia professionals.
Security:
Mac OS is known for its robust security features, providing a secure and reliable
computing environment for users.
Seamless Integration:
OPERATING SYSTEM

Mac OS integrates seamlessly with other Apple devices and services.

 MICROSOFT WINDOWS:
Productivity:
Powerful suite of Office apps for work and study.
 Gaming:
Vast library of PC games and high performance
hardware support.
 Familiarity:
Intuitive interface and widespread enterprise adoption.
Compatibility:
Support wide range of application for diverse tasks.
OPERATING SYSTEM
 ANDROID OS:
 Source Open:
Enables developers to modify and enhance the system freely.
 App Variety:

Supports millions of applications available on Google Play Store.

 Customizable UI:

Allows users to personalize interfaces to suite individual preferences.

 Multi-Device Support:

Operates across a wide range of smartphones and tablets globally.

 Regular Updates:
Offers frequent updates improving security and adding new features.
OPERATING SYSTEM
 LINUX OS:
Command Line:
Linux offers a powerful command line interface, allowing advanced users to perform complex tasks with
efficiency.
 Open-Source:
Linux is an open-source operating system, providing users with the freedom to customize and contribute
to the codebase.
Server Workloads:
Linux is widely adopted in server environments, powering a significant portion of the world’s digital
infrastructure.
 Diverse Distros:
Linux offers a wide variety of distributions, each catering to different user needs and preferences.
OPERATING SYSTEM
 APPLE IOS:
 Mobile Applications:
Apple iOS supports a wide range of mobile applications for communication, entertainment, and
productivity.

User interface:
The user interface is designed for touchscreen. Making it intuitive and easy to navigate for users.

Security Features:
Apple iOS provides advanced security features such as encryption and biometric authentication for
user safety.

Ecosystem integration:
iOS seamlessly integrates with other Apple products, enhancing user experience and functionality
across devices.
OPERATING SYSTEM
UBUNTU:
Open-Source:
Ubuntu is a free and open-source operating system, providing users
with the flexibility to customize and contribute to the platform.
User-Friendly:
Ubuntu is designed to be user-friendly, with a clean and intuitive
interface that caters to both beginners and experienced users.
Security:
OPERATING SYSTEM

Ubuntu incorporates robust security features, including regular

TECHNICAL COMPARISON OF
OPERATING SYSTEMS
UNDERSTANDING OS BASICS AND TECHNICAL DIFFERENCES
TECHNICAL COMPARISON OF POPULAR
OPERATING SYSTEMS

• This section compares key features across major operating systems including
Windows, macOS, Linux, Android, and iOS.

OPERATING SYSTEM
WE'LL COMPARE OPERATING
SYSTEMS BY:
Kernel
File System
Customizablity
Security
Market Share

OPERATING SYSTEM
COMPARISON BY KERNEL:

DEFINATION: Kernel is a software which is responsible

for the communication between Hardware and
Application.
Windows: NT Kernel – Hybrid kernel architecture
macOS: XNU Kernel – Combines Unix and Mach
Linux: Monolithic kernel – Open source, modular
Android: Based on Linux kernel – Optimized for mobile
iOS: XNU Kernel – Unix-based hybrid kernel
COMPARISON BY FILE SYSTEM:

DEFINATION: It is a structure that organize and

manages the files according to the storage memory .
Windows: NTFS, FAT32, exFAT – Compatible with most formats
macOS: APFS, HFS+ – Optimized for speed and security
Linux: Ext4, XFS, Btrfs – Flexible, robust file systems
Android: YAFFS, F2FS, Ext4 – Flash memory optimized
iOS: APFS – Apple's proprietary file system
OPERATING SYSTEM
 COMPARISON BY CUSTOMIZABILITY:
DEFINATION: The ability to modify an OS to improve its funtionality
or performance.
Windows: Limited customization options, mostly GUI-based
macOS: Moderate customization, mainly interface tweaks
Linux: High customizability, extensive command-line support
Android: Moderate customization, depends on manufacturer skins
iOS: Very limited customization, focused on ecosystem control
 COMPARISON BY SECURITY
Windows: Uses Windows Defender and UAC for security
macOS: Gatekeeper, XProtect for malware prevention
Linux: SELinux, AppArmor for granular security control
Android: Google Play Protect and system updates
iOS: App Store verification, strong sandboxing
COMPARISON BY MARKET SHARE:

Windows has 75% of the desktop market

share.
macOS has 15% of the desktop market
share.
Linux has 2.5% of the desktop market share.
Android devices have 72% of the mobile
market share.
iOS devices have 27% of the mobile market
OPERATING SYSTEM

share.
OPERATING SYSTEMS OVERVIEW:
1. What is an Operating System (OS): An OS is system software that manages
computer hardware and software resources, providing services to other programs
2. Core Functions of an Operating System: Its core function is Process
Management,File System Management,Device Management,Security and Access
Control and Networking
3. Types of Operating Systems: Its types include Batch OS , Multitasking OS ,
Real-Time OS and Distributed OS
4. Commonly Used Operating Systems: Commonly Used Operating Systems are
Windows, macos, Linux , Android and iOS

OPERATING SYSTEM
WHY UNDERSTANDING OPERATING
SYSTEMS IS IMPORTANT:
Efficiency: Understanding OS functions helps
optimize performance and manage system
resources.
Security: Choosing the right OS impacts data
security, privacy, and overall system protection.
Use Case: Different OS types are suited for various
environments, from servers to mobile devices to
industrial systems.
OPERATING SYSTEM