Introduction to IoT and Sensors

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 What is IoT?
• The Internet of things describes devices with sensors,
processing ability, software and other technologies that
connect and exchange data with other devices and systems
over the Internet or other communications networks.

• The Internet of things encompasses electronics,

communication, and computer science engineering.

• The term "Things" in the Internet of Things refers to anything

and everything in day to day life which is accessed
or connected through the internet.

• The Internet of Things (IoT) has the potential to make our lives
easier and more efficient than ever before.
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Applications of
IoT

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 What is a
• It is a device that Sensor?signals from one energy domain to
converts
electrical domain

• The term “input device” in the definition of a Sensor means that

it is part of a bigger system which provides input to a
main control system (like a Processor or a Microcontroller).

• Sensors made it possible to collect data in most any situation

and are now used in various fields - medical care, nursing
care, industrial, logistics, transportation, agriculture,
disaster prevention, tourism, regional businesses and
many more.

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 Different Types of
All these sensors are used for measuring one of the physical
Sensors Resistance, Capacitance, Conduction,
properties like Temperature,
Heat Transfer etc.
• Temperature Sensor
• Proximity Sensor
• Accelerometer
• IR Sensor (Infrared Sensor)
• Pressure Sensor
• Light Sensor
• Ultrasonic Sensor
• Smoke, Gas and Alcohol Sensor
• Touch Sensor
• Color Sensor
• Humidity Sensor
• Tilt Sensor
• Flow and Level Sensor
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 Temperature Sensor
• These devices measure the amount of heat energy generated
from an object or surrounding area.
• For Ex, thermistor and thermocouples can be used to detect
the variation in temperature.
• LM35 is a Celsius scale temperature sensor device with its
output directly proportional to the temperature. LM35
can measure temperatures in the range of -550C to +1500C.
• Application:
Weather stations, manufacturing processes, agriculture,
health industry, etc., Especially in air-
refrigerators and similar conditioners, devices used for
control. environmental

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Temperature Sensors

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 Humidity Sensor

• The amount of water vapour in air, or humidity, can affect

human comfort as well as many manufacturing processes
in industries. So monitoring humidity level is important.
• Most commonly used units for humidity measurement are
relative humidity (RH), dew/frost point (D/F PT) and parts
per million (PPM).
• Application:
• Domestic, Industrial, Agriculture and Medical, etc.,
• Measuring humidity in printers, fax
automobiles, machines, stations,
weather refrigerators, food
processing, etc

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HPP801A031 humidity sensor

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 Motion Sensors
• A motion sensor is used to detect the physical movement
(motion) in a given area and it transforms motion into
an electric signal;

• HC-SR501 Passive InfraRed (PIR) sensor is a popular motion

sensor for hobby projects.

• It detects body heat (infrared energy) and the most widely

used motion sensor in home security systems.

• Application:
Automatic door controls, automatic parking systems,
automated sinks, automated toilet flushers, hand dryers,
energy management systems, etc.

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PIR Motion Sensor

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 Chemical / Smoke and Gas sensors
• Smoke is a gadget that smoke typically it’s an indicator of fire.
• Gas sensors are used to detect toxic gases.
• Now a days all security devices using this sensor to passing
signal to fire alarm to control panel.
• Applications:
• Industries
• Indoor air quality
• Medical and life-science industries
• Agriculture industries

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MQ – 6 Gas sensor

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 Pressure Sensor
• These sensors are used in IoT systems to monitor systems and
devices that are driven by pressure signals.
• When the pressure range is beyond the threshold level, the
device alerts the user about the problems that should
be fixed.
• For example, BMP180 is a popular digital pressure sensor for
use in mobile phones, PDAs, GPS navigation devices
and outdoor equipment.
• Applications:
• Smart vehicles and Aircrafts

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Tyre Pressure Monitoring System (TPMS)

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 Accelerometer Sensors
• These sensors are used to detect orientation of an object,
shake, tap, tilt, motion, positioning, shock or vibration.

• Different types of accelerometers include Hall-effect

accelerometers, capacitive accelerometers and
piezoelectric accelerometers.

• Application:
• Smart phones, vehicles, aircrafts

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Various types of accelerometer sensor

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 IR Sensor
• These sensors can measure the heat emitted by objects.
• IR Sensors or Infrared Sensor are light based sensor that are
used in various applications like Proximity and
Object
Detection.
• IR Sensors are used as proximity sensors in almost all mobile
phones.
• There are two types of Infrared or IR Sensors: Transmissive Type
and Reflective Type.
• Applications:
• They are used in various IoT projects including healthcare
to monitor blood flow and blood pressure
• Smart phones to use as remote and other
control
functions
• Wearable devices to detect amount of light 19
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 Ultrasonic
• Sensor
An Ultrasonic Sensor is a non-contact type device that can be
used to measure distance as well as velocity of an object.
• Ultrasonic means nothing but the range of the frequencies. Its
range is greater than audible range (>20 kHz)
• Ultrasonic sensor HC-SR04 can be used to measure distance in
the range of 2cm- 400cm with an accuracy of 3mm.
• Applications:
• They are used within food and beverage to
measure liquid level in bottles,
• Can be used within manufacturing for an
automated process

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Ultrasonic Sensor

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 Light Dependent Resistors (LDR)
• Photo resistors, also known as light dependent resistors (LDR),
are light sensitive devices most often used to indicate
the presence or absence of light, or to measure the light
intensity
• In the dark, their resistance is very high, sometimes up to
1MΩ.
• They are made up of semiconductor materials having
high resistance.
• Applications:
• Light sensor and Audio compressors

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LDR Sensor

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 Sound Sensor
• The sound sensor is one type of module used to notice the
sound. Generally, this module is used to detect the
intensity of sound.
• Application:
This sensor employs a microphone to provide input to buffer,
peak detector and an amplifier. This sensor notices a sound,
& processes an o/p voltage signal to a microcontroller. After
that, it executes required processing.

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Sound
Sensor

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 Touch Sensor
• A touch sensor is an electronic sensor used in detecting and
recording physical touch. Also known as tactile sensors,
it’s a small, simple, low-cost sensor made to replace old
mechanical switches we seen in the past.
• Applications:
• Robotics
• Smart phones, automotive, industrial applications

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Capacitive Touch Sensor

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 Color Sensor
• A color sensor can detect the received light intensity for red,
blue and green respectively, making it possible to
determine the color of the target object.
• The received light intensity of red, blue and green are detected,
and the ratio of light received is calculated.
• Applications:
• true color recognition and color mark detection

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• If light containing the red, blue, and green
wavelengths is shown on a red object, only red light
will be reflected.
• The white circle in the diagram represents a white
light source.

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• For a white object,all three colours of red, blue,
and green are reflected.

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The ratio of the red, green, and blue reflections
vary according to the colour of the object.

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Color sensor

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Real Time Application of Sensors
Autopilot System in Aircrafts

Autopilot System in
aircrafts

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 •An Automatic Flight Control System consists of several sensors
for various tasks like speed control, height, position, doors,
obstacle, fuel, maneuvering and many more.

•A Computer takes data from all these sensors and processes

them by comparing them with pre-designed values.

• The computer then provides control signal to different parts like

engines, flaps, rudders etc. that help in a smooth flight.

•The combination of Sensors, Computers and Mechanics makes

it possible to run the plane in Autopilot Mode.

•All the parameters i.e. the Sensors (which give inputs to

the Computers), the Computers (the brains of the system) and
the mechanics (the outputs of the system like engines and motors)
are equally important in building a successful automated system.
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