Assignment-01

Name- Siddhi verma

Class- B.Tech (ECE) 4TH Year
Candidate Id- SIC00341
Course- Internet of Things (IoT)
Batch- 01

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 Sensors:

The sensor attains a physical parameter and converts it into a signal suitable
for processing (e.g. electrical, mechanical, optical) the characteristics of any
device or material to detect the presence of a particular physical quantity.

The output of the sensor is a signal which is converted to a human-

readable form like changes in characteristics, changes in resistance,
capacitance, impedance, etc.

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 BLOCK DIAGRAM

Source: Geeksforgeeks

Classifiction of Sensors-
● Passive & Active Sensors
● Analog & Digital Sensors
● Scalar & Vector Sensors

1. Passive Sensor –
Can not independently sense the input. Ex- Accelerometer, soil
moisture, water level and temperature sensors.
2. Active Sensor –
Independently sense the input. Example- Radar, sounder and laser
altimeter sensors.
3. Analog Sensor –
The response or output of the sensor is some continuous function of its
input parameter. Ex- Temperature sensor, LDR, analog pressure sensor
and analog hall effect.
4. Digital sensor –
Response in binary nature. Design to overcome the disadvantages of
analog sensors. Along with the analog sensor, it also comprises extra
electronics for bit conversion. Example – Passive infrared (PIR) sensor
and digital temperature sensor(DS1620).

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 5. Scalar sensor –
Detects the input parameter only based on its magnitude. The answer
for the sensor is a function of magnitude of some input parameter. Not
affected by the direction of input parameters.
Example – temperature, gas, strain, colour and smoke sensor.
6. Vector sensor –
The response of the sensor depends on the magnitude of the direction
and orientation of input parameter. Example – Accelerometer,
gyroscope, magnetic field and motion detector sensors.

Types of sensors –

1. Electrical Proximity sensor :

Electrical proximity sensors may be contact or non contact.
Simple contact sensors operate by making the sensor and the component
complete an electrical circuit.
Non- contact electrical proximity sensors rely on the electrical principles of
either induction for detecting metals or capacitance for detecting non
metals as well.

2. Light sensor:
Light sensor is also known as photo sensors and one of the important
sensor.
Light dependent resistor or LDR is a simple light sensor available today.
The property of LDR is that its resistance is inversely proportional to the
intensity of the ambient light i.e when the intensity of light increases, it’s
resistance decreases and vise- versa.

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 3. Touch sensor:
Detection of something like a touch of finger or a stylus is known as touch
sensor.
They are classified into two types:
i. Resistive type
ii. Capacitive type

Today almost all modern touch sensors are of capacitive types.

Because they are more accurate and have better signal to noise ratio.
4. Range sensing:
Range sensing concerns detecting how near or far a component is from
the sensing position, although they can also be used as proximity sensors.
Distance or range sensors use non-contact analog techniques. Short
range sensing, between a few millimetres and a few hundred millimetres
is carried out using electrical capacitance, inductance and magnetic
technique.
Longer range sensing is carried out using transmitted energy waves of
various types eg. radio waves, sound waves and lasers.

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 5. Mechanical sensor:
Any suitable mechanical / electrical switch may be adopted but because a
certain amount of force is required to operate a mechanical switch it is
common to use micro-switches.

6. Pneumatic sensor:
These proximity sensors operate by breaking or disturbing an air flow.
The pneumatic proximity sensor is an example of a contact type sensor.
These cannot be used where light components may be blown away.

7. Optical sensor:
In there simplest form, optical proximity sensors operate by breaking a
light beam which falls onto a light sensitive device such as a photocell.

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 These are examples of non contact sensors. Care must be exercised with
the lighting environment of these sensors for example optical sensors can
be blinded by flashes from arc welding processes, airborne dust and
smoke clouds may impede light transmission etc.

8. Speed Sensor:
Sensor used for detecting the speed of any object or vehicle which is in
motion is known as speed sensor .For example – Wind Speed Sensors,
Speedometer ,UDAR ,Ground Speed Radar.

9. Temperature Sensor:
Devices which monitors and tracks the temperature and gives
temperature’s measurement as an electrical signal are termed as
temperature sensors .These electrical signals will be in the form of voltage
and is directly proportional to the temperature measurement .

10. PIR Sensor:

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 PIR stands for passive infrared sensor and it is an electronic sensor that is
used for the tracking and measurement of infrared (IR) light radiating from
objects in its field of view and is also known as Pyroelectric sensor .It is
mainly used for detecting human motion and movement detection.

11. Ultrasonic Sensor:

The principle of ultrasonic sensor is similar to the working principle of
SONAR or RADAR in which the interpretation of echoes from radio or
sound waves to evaluate the attributes of a target by generating the high
frequency sound waves .

Application of Sensors on the basis of Industrial Use & Day to day life
Uses:

1. Automotive

Here are some of the automotive applications of sensors given below:

● Braking and Traction control: Antilock Braking System (ABS) Sensors

connected to the wheel, measures the speed of the wheel and braking
pressure and keeps sending them to ABS controlling When the driver
applies the sudden brake, ABS system, with breaking pressure and
speed data received from the sensors, releases the braking pressure to
avoid skidding/locking of wheels. It is one of the critical safety aspects of
vehicles.
● Air Bags – Anti Cushion Restraint System (ACRS): Crush sensors
and accelerometers placed in the vehicle measures the force and sends
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 it to During accidents on sensing the force exceeds the limit, ACRS will
activate the Airbag and save the life of passengers.
● Avoiding Collisions: Proximity sensors in the front, back, and sides of
the vehicle forewarn the driver of a possible Infrared, Video assistance,
Ultrasonic technologies assist drivers while parking their vehicles.
● Comfort and Convenience: Many sensors provide inputs and warnings
to drivers on Vehicle Speed, Engine Speed, Fuel level, Tire pressure,
Door/deck, light bulbs for driving comfort and convenience.
● Engine Data: Sensors provides so much data on Engine performance,
such as Ignition, b. Combustion, c. Exhaust gas oxygen, d. Fuel mix, e.
Exhaust gas recycling, f. Transmission control etc.,

2. Manufacturing
Here are some of the manufacturing applications of sensors given below:

● Predictive maintenance of the machinery, Assembly equipment using the

data collected from sensors in the machines.
● Optimal utilization of Machines by continuously monitoring the
performances and effectively rejigging the operations with the data
collected from sensors.
● Fine-tuning the Quality systems and enhance the quality standards using
the data collected from sensors. Design notifications and alerts in case
of a deterioration of quality and process standards.
● Agility in reacting to market demands.

3. Aviation
Sensors deployed in the aviation industry measures the data during navigation
of aircraft, monitoring various systems, and controlling instruments. These
data are utilized inefficient flight operations, improve aircraft performance and
design improvements.

Some of the instrumentation sensors are tachometers, gauges to measure

engine pressure and oil& fuel quantity, Altimeters, airspeed meters, etc.
Sensors help measure the testing of the ground conditions, vibration and
environment factors and provide useful inputs to the pilot to manage the
general operation and emergency conditions.

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4. Medical & Healthcare
Signals generated by Sensors in Medical equipment, surgical instruments and
devices are used for diagnosis, treatment and control functions by Doctors.

5. Marine
Sensors in ship measures fuel tank levels, liquid cargo levels, tank
pressure/temperature. Pitch, roll, speed and other vessel moments are also
measured and monitored with sensors’ help. There are a lot of sensors in
Engines measuring typical attributes of internal combustion parameters.

6. Food quality control

Sensors in the food sector used for quality control operations are utilised for
measuring carbohydrates, alcohol, and acids. These devices are also being
employed to monitor fermentation. The use of pathogens in fresh meat,
poultry, or fish is very vital to identify. For air and water quality control, sensors
are successfully utilised. It can be used to collect traces of pesticides from
organophosphates and to monitor wastewater toxicity levels. A kettle utilises
temperature sensors to guarantee the temperature reaches the proper degree
while preparing a cup of coffee. A coffee maker utilises pressure switches to
check the volume of liquid delivered.

7. Boilers and washing machines

Some household appliance applications using sensors are the boiler, washing
machines and dishwashers for heating systems, and other white products.
Many vehicles, including automobiles, trains, buses, etc., employ sensors to
monitor petroleum temperature and pressure, jets and steering systems, and
so many more. Magnetic sensors are used to detect movement by the use of
the magnetic field of the earth. It has several uses, such as portable
navigation, product promotion, indoor and urban navigation, etc.

8. Automating lighting operations

The primary operation of light sensors is tuning light on the day. In addition to
facilitating human-centric lighting, daylight harvesting, and lighting planning for
energy savings, efficiency, and the environment, it automates lighting
operations in smart buildings. Thermal sensors are required to automate room
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temperature in smart buildings and businesses. The temperature is
continuously inside, regardless of how the temperature swings externally.
These sensors also conserve energy by regulating the temperature with the
climatic environment.

9. Detect level of liquid and other quantities

Sensors are used to detect items such as liquids, powders, and granular
solids. Many sectors, including oil, water and drinks processing, and food
production, employ high-level sensors. Trash management systems are typical
because level sensors can monitor waste levels in waste containers or
dumpsters. These sensors measure the presence of fuel or hazardous gases
and detect changes in air quality. Mining, oil and gas, chemical research, and
manufacturing are the industries adopting sensors.

10. Gas detection and surveillance

Gas detection and surveillance are always strongly related to the safety of
people in difficult circumstances when the presence of toxic gases is identified.
Sensors can easily monitor and measure the amount of gas frequently to be
greater than usual and ensure the safety of persons operating in and near
dangerous gases. Indoor air quality is another significant business that
employs gas sensor technology to monitor.

Actuators:

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 Taking the sensor discussion forward, actuators do the opposite of a
sensor. They convert electrical impulses into physical actions or objects. In
the light example, as the sensor is reading the brightness of the light by
converting it into an electrical signal, an actuator takes action according to
the desired setting. So here, it will decrease or increase the light brightness
according to the set parameters.

We can leverage actuators to control and manage our devices in the IoT
network according to the information sent by the sensors.

Different types of
Actuators

1. Motion

The two primary motions that actuators can produce are linear and rotary.

a. Linear actuators
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 Tools that generate movement along a straight line are known as linear
actuators. They typically appear in hydraulic or pneumatic equipment and
might be mechanical or electrical. A linear actuator is usually present in any
device that needs to move in a straight line.

b. Rotary actuators

Rotary actuators generate a circular motion as opposed to linear actuators.

Since most machines use these rotating components to complete a turning
movement, they are referred to as "rotary" machines.

If a machine needs to move up, down, forward, or backward, they are

frequently employed in tandem with a linear actuator motor.

Hydraulic or pneumatic systems power several rotational actuators in

addition to the majority powered by electricity.

Electric fans, windscreen wipers, and industrial equipment moving products

from one location to another use rotational actuators.

2. Source of energy

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 a. Hydraulic actuators

With the help of a cylinder or fluid motor, hydraulic actuators can provide
mechanical motion, producing linear, rotatory, or oscillatory motion.

A hydraulic actuator can make a significant amount of force since liquids

are essentially challenging to compress.

A force is applied to the bottom of the piston, which is also inside the
hydraulic cylinder of the actuator, when the fluid enters the lower chamber
of the cylinder.

The sliding piston is moved upward, and the valve is opened by the
pressure, which carries the piston in the opposite direction of the force
produced by the upper chamber's spring.

b. Pneumatic actuators

Compressed air energy is transformed into mechanical motion by

pneumatic actuators. In this instance, compressed air or gas is introduced
into a chamber to increase pressure.

A straight or circular mechanical motion results when this pressure rises

above the necessary pressure levels compared to the atmospheric
pressure outside the chamber. This happens when the piston or gear is
moved kinetically in a controlled manner.

Air cylinders, pneumatic cylinders, and air actuators are some examples. It
is dependable, has a long working life, and requires little maintenance.

The motion starts and stops very quickly, making the actuator reliable.

Air requires upkeep and is subject to pollution. The pressure loss could
reduce its effectiveness.

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 c. Electric actuators

i. Electromechanical actuators:

When an electric motor replaces the control knob or handles on a

mechanical actuator, the device is called an electromechanical actuator.

The motor's rotating motion causes linear displacement.

ii. Electrohydraulic actuators:

Electrohydraulic actuators are self-contained actuators that only use

electrical power, unlike hydraulic systems.

In essence, they are utilized to operate tools like multi-turn valves or

electric- powered construction and excavation machinery.The electrical
actuators were initially created for the aerospace sector. However, today
they are used in many other industries - wherever hydraulic power is
employed.

d. Thermal actuators:

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 A non-electric motor known as a thermal actuator produces linear motion in
reaction to temperature variations.

A piston and a thermally sensitive substance make up its essential parts.

The thermally sensitive materials start to expand in response to a rise in
temperature, which forces the piston out of the actuator.

Similarly, when the temperature drops, the thermally sensitive components

within the contract cause the piston to withdraw.

Besides operating latches, switches, and open or close valves, these

actuators can be utilized for other functions.

They have a wide range of uses, mainly in the solar, automotive,

agricultural, and aerospace sectors.

e. Magnetic actuators:

Actuators that use magnetic effects to move a component are known as

magnetic actuators.

The movement in magnetic actuators is brought around by the magnetic

field. It is known as the Joule effect and sometimes occurs simply with a
coil's placement in a static magnetic field. The Laplace-Lorentz force
causes constant motion of the actuator.

They often fall into the following groups:

Electromagnetic actuator, moving coil actuator, magnet actuator, and

moving iron actuator. They are lightweight yet capable of making powerful
movements.

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Application of Actuators on the basis of Industrial Use & Day to
day life Uses:

i. Automated control of fluid flow in pipelines and process systems.

ii. Adjustment of industrial valves, positioning of machine components.

iii. Digging, grading, and excavating in construction and mining operations.

iv. Manufacturing of metal parts, plastic molding, and forging operations.

v. Powering machine tools, robots, and conveyor systems.

vi. Positioning of machine components in automated production systems.

vii. Regulating the flow of fuel and air into internal combustion engines.

viii. Regulating the speed of steam or gas turbines in power plants.

ix. Simple machine control in mechanical systems, such as door openers.

x. Transmission of power in machines, such as conveyor systems and

gear pumps.

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