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Lecture 2 (Second Part Harmonic Motion)

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gianfrancogiannoni4
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7 views

Lecture 2 (Second Part Harmonic Motion)

Uploaded by

gianfrancogiannoni4
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lecture 1 - part II

 Simple harmonic motion


 Oscillating mass attached to a vertical spring
• Motion of the pendulum
• Damped oscillations
Simple harmonic motion
𝑥= 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝜔 𝑡 + 𝛿)

• A is the amplitude and is the maximum


displacement from the equilibrium position
• The argument of cos (i.e. ) is the phase
• The phase constant depends on the
displacement position at t=0
• the frequency does not depend on the initial
displacement, but only on the spring
constant and the block mass
Potential and kinetic energy
Potential energy

1 2
𝐸= 𝑘 𝐴
2

Kinetic energy
K

U
Exercise 1
Exercise 4
Simple harmonic motion – Pendulum
Simple harmonic motion – Pendulum
s is the arc length covered by the bob
f is the angle with the vertical axis
equilibrium position s=0 and f=0

The forces acting on the system are mg and the tension of the string
f
The projection of this forces along the motion path is

(perpendicular to the curved path)


(the minus sign is because it points in the negative direction)
T
-mg sin(f)
s Newton’s law
mg
𝑑 𝑎𝑠 Acceleration
−𝑚𝑔𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 𝜙 ) =𝑚 component
𝑑𝑡
along s
This angle is also f
Simple harmonic motion – Pendulum
s is the arc length covered by the bob
f is the angle with the vertical axis
equilibrium position s=0 and f=0
𝑑 𝑎𝑠 𝑑
2
𝑠
−𝑚𝑔𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 𝜙 ) =𝑚 =m
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
2
f

𝑠=𝐿 𝜙 Definition of an arc

2
T 𝑑 𝜙
−𝑚𝑔𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 𝜙 ) =𝑚𝐿
-mg sin(f) 𝑑𝑡
2

s
mg 2
𝑔 𝑑 𝜙
− 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 𝜙 )=
𝐿 𝑑𝑡
2

This angle is also f


Simple harmonic motion – Pendulum
s is the arc length covered by the bob
f is the angle with the vertical axis
equilibrium position s=0 and f=0
2
𝑑 𝜙 𝑔
=− 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 𝜙 )
f 𝑑𝑡
2
𝐿

Approximation for small f


2
𝑑 𝜙 𝑔
=− 𝜙 Simple harmonic motion
𝑑𝑡
2
𝐿
T 𝜙= Acos ( ω t +δ )
-mg sin(f)
s
mg

This angle is also f


Simple harmonic motion – Pendulum
s is the arc length covered by the bob
f is the angle with the vertical axis
equilibrium position s=0 and f=0
2
𝑑 𝜙 𝑔
=− 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 𝜙 )
f 𝑑𝑡
2
𝐿

Approximation for small f


2
𝑑 𝜙 𝑔
=− 𝜙 Simple harmonic motion
𝑑𝑡
2
𝐿
T 𝜙= Acos ( ω t +δ )
-mg sin(f)
s
mg 𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝜙
𝑣= =𝐿 =− 𝐿 𝜔 sin (ω t + δ )
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

This angle is also f


Exercise 1
Damped oscillations
Objects do not keep oscillating because of frictional forces,
which will eventually bring back the system to the equilibrium
position t is a characteristic
𝑡
−(
2𝜏
)
time constant
Damped oscillations 𝐴= 𝐴 𝑜 𝑒
determining how fast
• Overdamped: the system does not complete one entire the amplitude decays
cycle of oscillation, but after the displacement returns to
the equilibrium position.
• Underdamped: The system oscillates and slowly goes back
to the equilibrium position

Linearly underdamped ⃗
𝐹 𝑑 =−𝑏 ⃗
𝑣

There is an additional force acting on the system and slowly causing the oscillations to stop
Damped oscillations
In addition to the spring restoring force there is also friction from
the horizontal plane
Damped oscillations
In addition to the spring restoring force there is also friction from
the horizontal plane

2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
−𝑘𝑥 − 𝑏 =𝑚
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
2

2
𝑑𝑥 𝑏 𝑑𝑥 𝑘
+ + 𝑥=0
𝑑𝑡
2
𝑚 𝑑𝑡 𝑚

𝑏
−( 𝑡)
2𝑚
𝑥= 𝐴 0 𝑒 cos ⁡(𝜔 𝑡 + 𝛿)
Damped oscillations
In addition to the spring restoring force there is also friction from
the horizontal plane

2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
−𝑘𝑥 − 𝑏 =𝑚
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
2

2
𝑑𝑥 𝑏 𝑑𝑥 𝑘
+ + 𝑥=0
𝑑𝑡
2
𝑚 𝑑𝑡 𝑚

𝑏
−( 𝑡)
2𝑚
𝑥= 𝐴 0 𝑒 cos ⁡(𝜔 𝑡 + 𝛿)
This is as for simple harmonic motion

The amplitude is not constant, but decays from an initial value A 0 to zero
Damped oscillations
In addition to the spring restoring force there is also friction from
the horizontal plane

2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
−𝑘𝑥 − 𝑏 =𝑚
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
2

2
𝑑𝑥 𝑏 𝑑𝑥 𝑘
+ + 𝑥=0 −(
𝑡
)
𝑑𝑡
2
𝑚 𝑑𝑡 𝑚 𝐴= 𝐴 𝑜 𝑒 2𝜏

𝑚
−(
𝑏
𝑡) 𝜏=
𝑥= 𝐴 0 𝑒 2𝑚
cos ⁡(𝜔 𝑡 + 𝛿) 𝑏

√
𝜔=𝜔 0 1 −
𝑏
2𝑚 𝜔0
Damped oscillations
In addition to the spring restoring force there is also friction from
the horizontal plane

Energy needs to be transferred for the system to keep it oscillating. To


contrast the damping due to friction a driving oscillation can be used.
√
𝜔=𝜔 0 1 −
𝑏
2𝑚 𝜔0

The closer the driving frequency is to the natural frequency of the system
(), the largest is the transfer of energy.

resonance

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