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    Protein Synthesis Notes

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    karfra4661

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Protein Synthesis Notes

    Uploaded by

    karfra4661
    8 views15 pages

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    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    8 views15 pages

    Protein Synthesis Notes

    Uploaded by

    karfra4661

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 15

    Protein Synthesis

    • The process of reading the instructions in DNA to


    make a polypeptide.
    – Polypeptide =
    a chain of Primary
    Amino
    acid
    amino acids; structure
    sequence
    can bind to
    others and fold Secondary Alpha
    helix or
    structure
    into a protein beta sheet

    – Remember,
    Tertiar Quaternar
    proteins are y y
    structu
    the most re
    structure
    2 or
    diverse macro- more
    poly-
    molecule, and Polypepti peptide
    de chain chains
    have 4 levels is bent bound
    togethe
    of structure! and
    folded r
    into 3D
    Central Dogma of Genetics
    • DNA = instructions,
    located in the
    nucleus (which it
    can’t leave)
    • But proteins are
    made in ribosomes.
    • So protein synthesis
    takes 2 steps:
    - Transcription
    - Translation
    transcription translation
    DNA RNA protein
    3 Essential Types of RNA
    • mRNA (messenger):
    copies instructions in
    DNA and carries these to
    the ribosomes in the
    cytoplasm

    • tRNA (transfer): binds


    and carries specific
    amino acids to the
    ribosome

    • rRNA (ribosomal):
    along with proteins,
    make up the ribosome
    – They also help catalyze the
    formation of peptide bonds!
    TRANSCRIPTION
    DNA 🡪 mRNA
    • Purpose: Carry the code/instructions out of
    the nucleus
    – (Remember: DNA never leaves the nucleus, and proteins
    are made in the cytoplasm by ribosomes.)

    • Location: Nucleus

    • Starts with: DNA

    • Ends with: mRNA


    TRANSCRIPTION
    Process:
    1. Unzip the gene that needs to be copied.
    2. Use complementary base-pairing rules to match RNA
    nucleotides with the exposed DNA nucleotides.
    (Remember: RNA has uracil, so A binds with U, and C still with G.)
    3. Release the completed mRNA molecule.
    4. DNA zips back up and the mRNA leaves the nucleus
    and enters the cytoplasm.
    Transcription: DNA is copied into a
    complementary strand of mRNA.

    DN mRNA DN mRNA
    A DN A
    Example
    • DNA sequence (template):
    TACGCTAGTACGATT
    • mRNA sequence:
    AUGCGAUCAUGCUAA
    Translation Vocabulary
    Genetic Code: code of instructions for how to make
    proteins

    Codon: a set of
    3 nucleotides on
    the mRNA
    mRNA
    (messenger)
    Amino acid –
    monomer
    Anticodon: (building block)
    “complementary” 3 for making
    nucleotides on proteins, held
    tRNA tRNA together by
    (transfer) peptide bonds
    TRANSLATION
    mRNA 🡪 polypeptide
    • Purpose: Read/follow the instructions carried
    on the mRNA to make a polypeptide

    • Location: Ribosomes

    • Starts with: mRNA

    • Ends with: Polypeptide


    TRANSLATION
    Process:
    1. mRNA attaches to a ribosome.
    2. Ribosome reads the mRNA codons, starting at AUG.
    – 1 codon = 3 RNA nucleotides
    3. tRNAs act like taxis to pick up and drop off the amino acids that
    match with each codon.
    4. tRNAs continue to drop off a.a., and the ribosome binds the
    a.a. together with peptide bonds.
    5. When the “stop codon” is reached, the ribosome releases the
    completed polypeptide chain.
    Translation: interpreting
    the RNA message into a
    polypeptide to make a
    protein.
    The Genetic Code
    Example
    • DNA sequence (template):
    TACGCTAGTACGATT
    • mRNA sequence:
    AUGCGAUCAUGCUAA
    • Codons:
    AUG CGA UCA UGC UAA
    • Amino Acids:
    Met – Arg – Ser – Cys – stop
    • Anti-codons on tRNA:
    Summary of Processes

    Identical DNA protein from


    strands mRNA from DNA mRNA

    A, T, C, and G A, U, C, and G Amino acids

    nucleus nucleus ribosomes

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