HYDRO ELECTRIC POWER PROJECT

DEVELOPMENT,INFRASTRUCTURE FACILITIES
COST STRUCTURE,MAINTENANCE & OPERATION.

• Introduction
• Present & Future Developments
• Steps involved in hydro power development

 Identification of site

 Run-of- the-river development

 Diversion and canal development
 Storage regulation type development
 Pumped/ storage development
 Tidal power development
 Singe purpose development
 Multi purpose development
 Base load development
 Peak load development

 Hydrology 1
 Assessment of power potential
 Field investigations

 Hydrological investigations
 Topographical survey
 Geological investigations
 Construction material survey
 Material testing
 Relevant information of electrical system.

 Design of civil works

 Diversion structures, Intake structures
 Water conductor system, Head pond,
 Desilting tank, drainage structures.
 Fore bay structures, Surplus escape.
 Penstocks or pressure shafts.
 Power house or an under ground (cavern) station.
 Tail race (some times tail water tunnel).
 Foundation structures for various machineries and equipments

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 Design of electrical equipments

 Hydraulic consideration
 Electrical Considerations
 Switching Safety and Electrical control Equipment:

 Selection of type of turbine

 Dimensions of turbine& generator components
 Dimensions of power house
 Power evacuation
 Cost Structure
 Economic Analysis
 Cost Estimation
 Financial Considerations
 Costs and benefits

 Environmental , Social and Political Feasibility

3
• Infrastructure facilities required for a Hydroelectric Power
Project.

 Dam
 Water reservoir
 Intake or control gates
 The Head pond
 The penstock
 Water turbines
 Generators
 Transformer and Switch Yard
 Tailrace
 Power Houses and Facilities
 Other infrastructure facilities

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Layout of powerhouses
 Classification based on characteristics
Isolated plant
Interconnected plant
Base load Stations
Peak load stations
Classification on the capacity of plants
Midget Plants
Low capacity plants
Medium capacity plants
High head plants

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Classification on Hydraulic characteristics
Run-off-the-River type
Storage plants
Tidal plants
Types of Power house
Indoor
Semi outdoor
Outdoor
Underground
Advantages
Disadvantages
 Choice between outdoor, semi outdoor
& indoor

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Classification based on loads
Low head plants
Medium head plants
High head plants
Comparison of these types
Location of high head plants
 Structure required for high head plants

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Types of Turbines
Propeller or Axial flow types
Reaction types
Impulse types
Powerhouses, equipments & facilities
Types of powerhouses
Super structure
Sub structure
Conventional
Outdoor & Semi outdoor
Horizontal shaft
Underground

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Terms relating to hydro power generation
Water power potential
Various water levels
Various heads
Firm & Secondary power
Various capacities
Load curves
Load, plant, capacity factor
Utilization, diversity, demand factor
Cold, operating & spinning reserves

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• Equipments provided in the layout of the
powerhouse
 Hydraulic equipments
Turbines
Gates and valves
Relief valves for penstocks
Governors
Flow measuring devices

 Electrical equipments
Generators
Exciters
Transformers
 Switching equipments
Low-tension buses
Switchboard panels
Switchboard equipments and instruments
 Oil switches
 Reactors

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High Tension system
Buses
 Circuit breakers, Current &Potential transformers
 Lightning arrestors, Isolators
 Outgoing connections

Auxiliaries
Control and Relay protection
Power and Control Cables
Earthing System
Storage batteries
Station lighting

 Hydro Mechanical Equipment

Intake at diversion structure
Desilting tank
Penstock
 Fore bay
Surge tank
Draft tube
Trash rack
By pass & Surplus escapes

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 Auxiliary systems
De-watering, filling, drainage system
Cooling and service water system
Fire and alarm system
Lubricating system & insulating oil system
Compressed air system
Heating, ventilation and air conditioning systems
Flow, pressure & level measuring system
Machine shop equipment and Crane
Emergency power system
Office rooms and Store

•Single line diagram of electrical system

Indicating various control and protection transformer, aux
. transformer, paralleling of units, all indications,
instrumentation, synchronizing arrangement,
Ways to get outside power supply, manner of connection to grid

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• Power and Energy in a Hydroelectric Project

HWL

Water Conductor System Head

H

Flow
Q
TWL
Turbine-Generator

m3/sec
m

P = 9.81 Q H tg kW
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• Power and Energy in a Hydroelectric Project
m3/sec
m

P = 9.81 Q H tg kW

kWh

E = P t / 106 Mu
Head Water & Tail-water Rating curves
Rewriting,
TG manufacturers
E = 9.81 (Qt) H (htg)
Flow-Duration Curve
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• Flow Duration Curve and Installed Capacity
Left Bank Canal
Reservoir

Dam Anicut
Distributary Gauging Station
(Typical)

(10 km Approximate)
Right Bank Canal

(60 km Approximate)

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• Flow Duration Data

a) Dam - Daily flows over a period exceeding

10 years readily Available

b) Anicut - Started Measurement of head over

weir

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 Flow (m3/sec)

1000
2000
3000
4000
5000

0
Jun-99

Jul-99

Aug-99

Sep-99

Oct-99

Nov-99

Dec-99

Jan-00
• Dam releases during a typical year

Feb-00

Mar-00

Apr-00

May-00
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 Flow (m3/sec)

100

20
40
60
80

0
Jun-99
Jul-99
Aug-99
Sep-99
Oct-99

Nov-99
Dec-99
Enlarged View

Jan-00
Feb-00
• Dam releases during a typical year -

Mar-00
Apr-00
May-00
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• Computed flows over the anicut (weir)
v/s dam releases
100
90
80
70 Com puted Flows over weir
Flow (m3/sec)

60
Released flows from dam
50
40
30
20
10
0
Nov-99 Dec-99 Feb-00 Mar-00 May-00 Jul-00 Aug-00 Oct-00

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• Flow Duration Curves

100

80
Ddam releases (1990-91 to 1999-2000)
Flow (m3/sec)

60
Dam releases (1999-2000)
40
Computed flows (1999-2000)

20

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
% Exceedance in a year

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• Installed Capacity and Annual Energy
Case Installed Annual
Capacity Energy
(MW) (Mu)
(1) Dam Releases - 10 years 3 6.6
Not Viable

(2) Dam Releases - 1 year 5 10.3

Viable

(3)Computed flows - 1 year 5 21.2

Viable &
Attractive

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CONCLUSIONS
• Head is by and large determined by topography
• Flow is to be established prudently and with caution
• Hence, Hydrology is the backbone of a hydel project, on
which depends the
- Installed Capacity i.e., the scale of the project
- Annual Energy
- Capital Cost
- Project Viability and Project Funding

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CONCLUSIONS (Continued)
• Developers should invest more of their time and
resources for Hydrological investigations, even
though such an investment apparently does not
yield immediate returns
• In this case, a GD measuring station should have
been established at the project site
• A simple and straightforward flow measurement is
much more reliable than any sophisticated
theoretical computations

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Schematic Layout of a Hydroelectric Project

Diversion Structure

Head Regulator/Canal Intake

Power Canal Penstock Intake

Powerhouse

Penstocks Tailpond

Tailrace

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Components of a Hydro Electric Power Project

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Cross section of a Hydro Electric Power Plant

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Basic components of a conventional hydropower
plant

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Major parts of Turbine- Generator

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Cross Section of Kaplan Turbine

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Cross Section of Pelton

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Cross Section of Francis Turbine

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Cross Section of Pump Turbine
of the pumped storage power plant

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Assembly of a Pelton Turbine

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Runner of a Francis Turbine

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The largest hydro- electric power station
in the world

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The upper reservoir and dam

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Pipes supplying water

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Hydroelectric Reservoir

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