UNIT-IV

IOT SENSING AND ACTUATION

& IOT PROCESSING
TOPOLOGIES AND TYPES
 IOT SENSORS
SENSORS:
 Generally, sensors are used in the architecture of

IOT devices.
 Sensors are used for sensing things and devices

etc.
A device that provides a usable output in response
to a specified measurement.
 The sensor attains a physical parameter and

converts it into a signal suitable for processing

(e.g. electrical, mechanical, optical) the
characteristics of any device or material to detect
the presence of a particular physical quantity.
 The output of the sensor is a signal which is

converted to a human-readable form like changes

in characteristics, changes in resistance,
 Generally speaking, a sensor is a device that is
able to detect changes in an environment. By
itself, a sensor is useless, but when we use it in an
electronic system, it plays a key role. A sensor is
able to measure a physical phenomenon (like
temperature, pressure, and so on) and transform it
into an electric signal. These three features should
be at the base of a good sensor:
 It should be sensitive to the phenomenon that it

measures
 It should not be sensitive to other physical

phenomena
 It should not modify the measured phenomenon

during the measurement process

 IOT HARDWARE
Transducer :
A transducer converts a signal from one physical
structure to another.
It converts one type of energy into another type.
It might be used as actuators in various systems.
 SENSOR CONSIDERATIONS
Sensors characteristics :1) Static 2) Dynamic
 1. Static characteristics : It is about how the

output of a sensor changes in response to an

input change after steady state condition.

 Accuracy – Accuracy is the capability of

measuring instruments to give a result close to
the true value of the measured quantity.

 It measures errors. It is measured by absolute

and relative errors. Express the correctness of the
output compared to a higher prior system.

 Absolute error = Measured value – True value

Relative error = Measured value/True value
 Range –
Gives the highest and the lowest value of the
physical quantity within which the sensor can
actually sense. Beyond these values, there is no
sense or no kind of response.

 e.g. RTD for measurement of temperature has a

range of -200`c to 800`c.

 Resolution –
Resolution is an important specification towards
selection of sensors. The higher the resolution,
better the precision. When the accretion (growth) is
zero to, it is called threshold.
Provide the smallest changes in the input that a
sensor is able to sense.
 Precision –
It is the capacity of a measuring instrument to give the
same reading when repetitively measuring the same
quantity under the same prescribed conditions.
It implies agreement between successive readings,
NOT closeness to the true value.
It is related to the variance of a set of measurements.
It is a necessary but not sufficient condition for
accuracy.

 Sensitivity –
Sensitivity indicates the ratio of incremental change in
the response of the system with respect to incremental
change in input parameters. It can be found from the
slope of the output characteristics curve of a sensor. It
is the smallest amount of difference in quantity that
will change the instrument’s reading.
 Linearity –
The deviation of the sensor value curve from a
particular straight line. Linearity is determined by
the calibration curve. The static calibration curve
plots the output amplitude versus the input
amplitude under static conditions.
A curve’s slope resemblance to a straight line
describes the linearity.
 Drift –

The difference in the measurement of the sensor

from a specific reading when kept at that value for
a long period of time.
 Repeatability –

The deviation between measurements in a

sequence under the same conditions. The
measurements have to be made under a short
enough time duration so as not to allow significant
Dynamic Characteristics :
Properties of the systems
 Zero-order system –

The output shows a response to the input signal with

no delay. It does not include energy-storing elements.
Ex. potentiometer measure, linear and rotary
displacements.

 First-order system –
When the output approaches its final value gradually.
Consists of an energy storage and dissipation element.

 Second-order system –
Complex output response. The output response of the
sensor oscillates before steady state.
 Sensor Classification : 1) Passive & Active 2) Analog &
digital 3)Scalar & vector
 Passive Sensor –
Can not independently sense the input. Ex-
Accelerometer, soil moisture, water level and
temperature sensors.
 Active Sensor –
Independently sense the input. Example- Radar, sounder
and laser altimeter sensors.
 Analog Sensor –
The response or output of the sensor is some continuous
function of its input parameter. Ex- Temperature sensor,
LDR, analog pressure sensor and analog hall effect.
 Digital sensor –
Response in binary nature. Design to overcome the
disadvantages of analog sensors. Along with the analog
sensor, it also comprises extra electronics for bit
conversion. Example – Passive infrared (PIR) sensor and
 Scalar sensor –
Detects the input parameter only based on its
magnitude. The answer for the sensor is a function
of magnitude of some input parameter. Not affected
by the direction of input parameters.
Example – temperature, gas, strain, color and smoke
sensor.
 Vector sensor –

The response of the sensor depends on the

magnitude of the direction and orientation of input
parameter. Example – Accelerometer, gyroscope,
magnetic field and motion detector sensors.
 SENSOR TYPES
 All types of sensors can be basically classified
into analog sensors and digital sensors. But, there
are a few types of sensors such as temperature
sensors, IR sensors, ultrasonic sensors, pressure
sensors, proximity sensors, and touch sensors are
frequently used in most electronics applications.
 1) Temperature Sensor, 2) IR Sensor, 3) Ultrasonic

Sensor 4) Touch Sensor 5) Proximity Sensors 6)

Pressure Sensor 7) Level Sensors 8) Smoke and Gas
Sensors
 Temperature Sensor : There are different types of

temperature sensors that can measure

temperature, such as a thermocouple, thermistors,
semiconductor temperature sensors, resistance
temperature detectors (RTDs), and so on.
Proximity Sensors A Proximity Sensor is a non-contact type sensor
that detects the presence of an object. Proximity Sensors can be
implemented using different techniques like Optical (like Infrared or
Laser), Sound (Ultrasonic), Magnetic (Hall Effect), Capacitive, etc.
Some of the applications of Proximity Sensors are Mobile Phones, Cars
(Parking Sensors), industries (object alignment), Ground Proximity in
Aircrafts, etc.
 Infrared Sensor (IR Sensor) : IR Sensors or Infrared
Sensor are light based sensor that are used in
various applications like Proximity and Object
Detection. IR Sensors are used as proximity sensors
in almost all mobile phones.
 There are two types of Infrared or IR Sensors:
Transmissive Type and Reflective Type. In
Transmissive Type IR Sensor, the IR Transmitter
(usually an IR LED) and the IR Detector (usually a
Photo Diode) are positioned facing each other so
that when an object passes between them, the
sensor detects the object.
 The other type of IR Sensor is a Reflective Type IR
Sensor. In this, the transmitter and the detector are
positioned adjacent to each other facing the object.
When an object comes in front of the sensor, the
infrared light from the IR Transmitter is reflected
from the object and is detected by the IR Receiver
and thus the sensor detects the object.
 Different applications where IR Sensor is
implemented are Mobile Phones, Robots, Industrial
assembly, automobiles etc.
 Ultrasonic Sensor : An Ultrasonic Sensor is a non-
contact type device that can be used to measure
distance as well as velocity of an object. An
Ultrasonic Sensor works based on the properties of
the sound waves with frequency greater than that
of the human audible range.
 Using the time of flight of the sound wave, an

Ultrasonic Sensor can measure the distance of the

object (similar to SONAR). The Doppler Shift
property of the sound wave is used to measure the
velocity of an object.
 Light Sensor : Sometimes also known as Photo
Sensors, Light Sensors are one of the important
sensors. A simple Light Sensor available today is the
Light Dependent Resistor or LDR. The property of
LDR is that its resistance is inversely proportional to
the intensity of the ambient light i.e., when the
intensity of light increases, its resistance decreases
and vise-versa.
 By using LDR is a circuit, we can calibrate the

changes in its resistance to measure the intensity of

Light. There are two other Light Sensors (or Photo
Sensors) which are often used in complex electronic
system design. There are also Digital Light Sensors
like BH1750, TSL2561, etc., which can calculate
intensity of light and provide a digital equivalent
value.
 Smoke and Gas Sensors : One of the very useful
sensors in safety related applications are Smoke and
Gas Sensors. Almost all offices and industries are
equipped with several smoke detectors, which detect
any smoke (due to fire) and sound an alarm.
 Gas Sensors are more common in laboratories, large
scale kitchens and industries. They can detect different
gases like LPG, Propane, Butane, Methane (CH4), etc.
 Now-a-days, smoke sensors (which often can detect
smoke as well gas) are also installed in most homes as a
safety measure.
 The “MQ” series of sensors are a bunch of cheap
sensors for detecting CO, CO2, CH4, Alcohol, Propane,
Butane, LPG etc. You can use these sensors to build your
own Smoke Sensor Application.
 Alcohol Sensor : an Alcohol Sensor detects alcohol.
Usually, alcohol sensors are used in breathalyzer
devices, which determine whether a person is drunk
or not. Law enforcement personnel uses
breathalyzers to catch drunk-and-drive culprits.
 Touch Sensor : all touch screen devices (Mobile
Phones, Tablets, Laptops, etc.) have touch sensors
in them. Another common application of touch
sensor is trackpads in our laptops.
 Touch Sensors, as the name suggests, detect touch

of a finger or a stylus. Often touch sensors are

classified into Resistive and Capacitive type.
Almost all modern touch sensors are of Capacitive
Types as they are more accurate and have better
signal to noise ratio.
 Color Sensor : A Color Sensor is an useful device in
building color sensing applications in the field of
image processing, color identification, industrial
object tracking etc. The TCS3200 is a simple Color
Sensor, which can detect any color and output a
square wave proportional to the wavelength of the
detected color.
 Humidity Sensor : If you see Weather Monitoring
Systems, they often provide temperature as well as
humidity data. So, measuring humidity is an important
task in many applications and Humidity Sensors help us
in achieving this.
 Often all humidity sensors measure relative humidity (a
ratio of water content in air to maximum potential of air
to hold water). Since relative humidity is dependent on
temperature of air, almost all Humidity Sensors can also
measure Temperature.
 Humidity Sensors are classified into Capacitive Type,
Resistive Type and Thermal Conductive Type. DHT11
and DHT22 are two of the frequently used Humidity
Sensors in DIY Community (the former is a resistive
type while the latter is capacitive type).
 Tilt Sensor : Often used to detect inclination or
orientation, Tilt Sensors are one of the simplest
and inexpensive sensors. Previously, tilt sensors
are made up of Mercury (and hence they are
sometimes called as Mercury Switches) but most
modern tilt sensors contain a roller ball.
 ACTUATOR & TYPES
 An actuator is a machine part that initiates
movements by receiving feedback from a control
signal. Once it has power, the actuator creates
specific motions depending on the purpose of the
machine.
 Actuators can be classified by the motion they

produce and the power source they use.

 Motion :Actuators can create two main types of

motion: linear and rotary.

Linear Actuators
 Implied by their name, linear actuators are devices

that produce movement within a straight path. They

can either be mechanical or electrical and are
mostly seen in hydraulic or pneumatic devices. Any
machine, equipment, or gadget that requires some
form of straight motion typically has a linear
actuator.
 Rotary Actuators : In contrast to linear actuators,

rotary actuators create a circular motion. From the

term “rotary,” most machines use these rotating
parts to complete a turning movement. They are
often used in conjunction with a linear actuator if a
machine requires moving forward, backward, up, or
down.
 Many rotary actuators are electrically powered, but

some are powered using a hydraulic or pneumatic

system.
 Source of Energy : Below are the most common
actuators according to energy source:
 Hydraulic Actuators : Hydraulic actuators operate

by the use of a fluid-filled cylinder with a piston

suspended at the center. Commonly, hydraulic
actuators produce linear movements, and a spring is
attached to one end as a part of the return motion.
These actuators are widely seen in exercise
equipment such as steppers or car transport carriers.
 Pneumatic Actuators : Pneumatic actuators use

pressurized gases to create mechanical movement.

Many companies prefer pneumatic-powered actuators
because they can make very precise motions,
especially when starting and stopping a machine.
 Examples of equipment that uses pneumatic actuators

include: Bus brakes, Exercise machines, Vane motors

 Pressure sensors, Pneumatic mailing systems
 Electric Actuators : Electric actuators, require
electricity to work. Well-known examples include
electric cars, manufacturing machinery, and robotics
equipment. Similar to pneumatic actuators, they also
create precise motion as the flow of electrical power
is constant.
 The different types of electrical actuators include:

 Electromechanical actuators: These actuators convert

electric signals into rotary or linear movements and

may even be capable of a combination of both.

 Electrohydraulic actuators: This type of actuator is

also powered electrically but gives movement to a
hydraulic accumulator. The accumulator then
provides the force for movement, usually seen in
heavy industrial equipment.

 Thermal and Magnetic Actuators : Thermal and
magnetic actuators usually consist of shape memory
alloys that can be heated to produce movement. The
motion of thermal or magnetic actuators often comes
from the Joule effect, but it can also occur when a coil
is placed in a static magnetic field. The magnetic field
causes constant motion called the Laplace-Lorentz
force. Most thermal and magnetic actuators can
produce a wide and powerful range of motion
 Mechanical Actuators : Some actuators are mostly

mechanical, such as pulleys or rack and pinion

systems. Another mechanical force is applied, such as
pulling or pushing, and the actuator will leverage that
single movement to produce the desired results. For
instance, turning a single gear on a set of rack and
pinions can mobilize an object from point A to point B.
The tugging movement applied on the pulley can
bring the other side upwards or towards the desired
 Supercoiled Polymer Actuators : Supercoiled
polymer actuators are a relatively new addition to
the different types of actuators. They are used in
robotics and prosthetic limbs as they can replicate
the motion of human muscle via a coil that
contracts and expands when heated or cooled.
 DATA FORMATS
 Data appears in different sizes and shapes, it can be
numerical data, text, multimedia, research data, or a
few other types of data. The data format is said to be
a kind of format which is used for coding the data.
The data is coded in different ways. It is being coded,
so that it can be read, recognized, and used by the
different applications and programs.
 It is also termed as a file format which is being used

for storing the encoding data in a computer file. Or it

can also be termed as Content Format, where the
media data is represented in the particular format,
that is a video format and audio format.
 The three data formats are: File-Based Data Format,

Directory-Based Data Format, Database Connections

 File-Based Data Format – This type of data format
includes either one file or more than one file. These
files are then stored in any of the arbitrary folders. In
most of the cases, it uses the single file only for
example DGN.
 But then there are cases, which even includes at

least three files. The filename extension of all these

three files is different from each other. That is SHX,
SHP, and DBF. All three files are important and are
required here. As different tasks are performed by all
these three files internally. One uses the filename as
the name of the data source.
 There are many layers present in it, and it is not

possible to know about them just with the help of

the filename. Like in shapefile, there is only one data
source for every shapefile. And there is only one
layer, which is named similarly as the name of the
file.
 Directory-Based Data Format – In this type of
data format, whether there is one file or there is
more than one file, they are all stored in the parent
folder in a particular manner.
 It is a possibility that data source is the directory

itself.
 There are many files present in the directory, which

are represented at the available data’s layers.

 For example, the Polygon Data is represented by

the PAL.ADF. As there is more than one file in the

folder with the ADF file extension which is included
in the ESRI ArcInfo Coverages. The ADF file
extension includes the line string data or the arc
string data. All the ADF files serve as a layer which
is present in the data source inside the folder.
Some of the examples of Directory-Based Data
Format are US Census TIGER and ESRI ArcInfo
 Database Connections – In one respect, the
database connections are quite similar to the above-
mentioned data formats that are file and directory-
based data format. For interpreting, for MapServer,
they give geographic coordinate data. One need to
access the coordinates inside the MapServer, that are
creating the vector datasets. The stream of
coordinates that are provided by the database
connections is stored temporarily in the memory. The
MapServer then reads these coordinates for making
the map. Coordinate Data is the most important part
and most of the focus is on it only. However, one may
also require tabular data and attributes. The database
connection generally consists of the following
information like Host that is the server’s direction,
Database Name, the Username and Passwords,
Geographic Column name, and the table name or the
view name. A few examples of Database Connections
are MySQL, ESRI, PostGIS, and ArcSDE.
Benefits of data format types
 With data format types being in place, it becomes easy for

the user to carry out multiple operations and make the most
of it. some of the benefits of having data format types has
been listed below:
 1) Calculations: Calculations have never been easy before

the introduction of data format types. With these formats, all

you have to do is punch in the values and within no time all
the calculation is done and at your disposal.
 2) Formatted: The data if kept well formatted and organized

is presentable and understandable by the users. Thus

individuals referring to such data can make the most of it. if
a user has to make a similar presentation at different points
of time, they can simply pick up a format and keep using it
for drafting presentations.
 3) Consistency: Data types helps the user to have
variable that is consistent throughout the program.
So you can simply rely on the variable to make
presentations, or calculations.
 4)Readable: The data is readable and accessible to

users all the time without any hassle. Hence any

job can be done at the earliest with maximum
output produced.
PROCESSING TOPOLOGIES
 A network topology is how computers, printers and
other devices are connected, and describes the
layout of wires, devices and routing paths on a
network. When referring to topology through the
lens of the “internet of thigs,” it is how sensors,
actuators and gateways communicate with one
another. There are a number of common
topologies, point to point, bus, ring, star and
mesh., some of which are better suited for the IoT
than others:
 Point-to-Point Network
 A point-to-point network establishes a direct
connection between two network nodes,
 Communication can take place only between these

two nodes, or devices.

 An example of this type of network is a Bluetooth

link between a cellphone and an ear piece. The

advantages of point-to-point networking are its
simplicity and low cost.
 The primary limitations spring from the one-to-one

relationship that exists between two devices; the

network cannot scale beyond these two nodes,
therefore it is not a widely used topology for
industrial IoT.
 Bus Topology : In local area networks where bus
topology is used, each node is connected to a
single cable with the help of interface connectors.
This central cable is the backbone of the network
and is known as the bus. A signal from the source
travels in both directions to all machines
connected on the bus cable until it finds the
intended recipient. If the machine address does
not match the intended address for the data, the
machine ignores the data. Alternatively, if the data
matches the machine address, the data is
accepted. Because the bus topology consists of
only one wire, it is rather inexpensive to
implement when compared to other topologies.
However, the low cost of implementing the
technology is offset by the high cost of managing
the network,
Features of Bus Topology
 It transmits data only in one direction.

 Every device is connected to a single cable

Advantages of Bus Topology

 It is cost-effective.

 Used in small networks.

 It is easy to understand.

 Easy to expand by joining two cables together.

Disadvantages include:
 Cable fails then whole network fails.

 If network traffic is heavy or nodes are more the

performance of the network decreases.

 Cable has a limited length.

 It is slower than the ring topology.

 Ring
 A ring topology is a bus topology in a closed loop.

Data travels around the ring in one direction. When

one node sends data to another, the data passes
through each intermediate node on the ring until it
reaches its destination. The intermediate nodes
repeat – retransmit – the data to keep the signal
strong. Every node is a peer; there is no hierarchical
relationship of clients and servers. If one node is
unable to retransmit data, it severs communication
between the nodes before and after it in the bus.
 Star : In local area networks with a star topology,
each network host is connected to a central hub
with a point-to-point connection, with every
computer indirectly connected to every other node
with the help of the hub. The switch is the server
and the peripherals are the clients. The network
does not necessarily have to resemble a star to be
classified as a star network, but all of the nodes on
the network must be connected to one central
device. All traffic that traverses the network passes
through the central hub.
Mesh
 A mesh network consists of three types of nodes:

 A gateway node as in a star network, provided so data

can reach the outside world;

 Simple sensors nodes; and

 Sensor/router nodes, which are sensor nodes with

repeater/routing capability.
 Sensor/router nodes must not only capture and

disseminate their own data, but also serve as relays for

other nodes.
Advantages :
 Data can be transmitted from different devices

simultaneously. This topology can withstand high traffic;

 Even if one of the components fails there is always an

alternative present. So data transfer doesn’t get affected;

and
 Expansion and modification in topology can be done
 IOT DEVICE DESIGN AND SELECTION
CONSIDERATION
 When starting a company or introducing a new
product in the Internet of Things space, beginning
with a Minimum Viable Product (MVP) is advisable.
When the offering includes hardware, consider
using Commercial Off The Shelf (COTS) devices
whenever possible, even if they don’t meet all the
needs of your vision of the final product. Quickly
testing the market will, at a minimum, help refine
the requirements for a custom device. It will also
allow a pivot or abandonment of an idea before
incurring significant costs. Skills needed may
include:
 Printed Circuit Board Design
 An experienced Printed Circuit Board Design Engineer

is needed to create circuit diagrams and schematics

to complete the PCB design.
 To do this effectively, they know how to evaluate

components, determine when to use each type, and

choose the appropriate attachment methods.
 Lastly, they complete the job by creating a detailed

parts list and any necessary documentation, following

best practices to prepare for possible manufacturing.
Component Selection
 Components include a Microcontroller Unit (MCU),

Energy Storage Module, Power Management Module,

RF Module, and all sensors (and actuators) to create a
complete device. Experts can help you determine the
best, lowest cost items that work together efficiently.
Component Sourcing
 A skilled resource already has familiarity with

suppliers, so sourcing doesn’t result in lengthy

searches and false starts. They should also decide
if a single source for many (or all) components
makes the most sense.
Casing/Enclosure Design and Manufacturing
 The size, shape, materials, etc., that enclose the

device are essential. Any enclosure design, size,

shape, and materials must be appropriate for the
use case and take the manufacturing requirements
into account (“Design for Manufacturing”).
 Environmental conditions determine the Ingress

Protection (“IP”) Rating of a case. A typical IP

Rating is IP67, describing enclosures with
 Full protection against dust and other particulates,
including a vacuum seal, tested against continuous
airflow (“6” in the first numeric position)
 Protection against full immersion for up to 30

minutes at depths between 15 cm and 1 meter

(“7” in the second numeric position)
 In general, an IP rating will consist of two digits,

occasionally followed by a letter denoting specific

materials, hazards, or testing scenarios.
Radio Frequency Engineering & Antenna Design
 For wireless devices, the decision on the

connectivity option (or options) is critical, with the

RF module selection decision following closely
after. Antenna selection dictates internal or
external, size, and sensitivity.
Device Clocks
 IoT is all about time-series data, requiring accuracy

of the date and time associated with each sensor

reading being essential.
Power Design/Power Optimization
 Particularly with battery-powered devices, good

power design can be the difference between a

capable, optimized device and one that fails to
perform adequately for the application.
Interface Protocols
 Interface protocols facilitate communications within

a device and to the external environment. These

include serial protocols SPI and I2C, testing protocol
JTAG, general-purpose protocol GPIO, and the
common interface protocol USB.
 Device Security
 Designing a device that can operate in a secure, access-

controlled application environment is the goal. Every

device needs a key, which is a trusted, verified, unique
identity.
 These keys are an essential element of IoT security and

need protection from discovery and manipulation.

 A vital part of security maintenance is the ability to update

device software.
 Resetting is often the way to remedy an issue, either to

achieve a known-good state to recover from errors or, in

extreme cases, to reset to the default factory
configuration.
Manufacturer & Assembly Sourcing
 For custom hardware, expertise to decide what skills are

needed requires understanding how to design and build

computer hardware components. Accurately translating
your requirements into device specifications is critical to
create sophisticated devices and make sure a device
 OFFLOADING
 Offloading is a technique that enables a low power
device, e.g., smartphone, wearable, to outsource the
processing of a task, e.g., code, service, job, etc., to a
device with higher capabilities and resources.
 A task is opportunistically outsourced from a device

when in the presence of network connectivity the

device can reach the server at low latency rates of
transfer.
 However, offloading is not always beneficial if the

computational requirements are small compared to

communication costs (especially latency) and devices
should only offload when the benefits of offloading are
significant compared to cost of running the task on the
device.
 The ultimate goal of the technique is to reduce the

overall amount of processing of the device to extend

battery life.
 The processing offloading paradigm is important for
the development of densely deployable, energy-
conserving, miniaturized, and cheap IOT based
solutions for sensing tasks
 Typically for off-site processing data from the sensing

layer can be forwarded to the fog or cloud or can be

contained within the edge layer
 The edge layer makes use of devices within the local

network to process data that which is similar to the

collaborative processing topology
 The devices within the local network, till the fog,

generally communicate using short range wireless

connections
 Fog based processing is still considered local because

the fog nodes are typically localized within a

geographic area and serve the IOT nodes within a
much smaller coverage area as compared to the
cloud
 Fog nodes which are at the level of gateways, may
or may not be accesses by the IOT devices through
the Internet
 The approach of forwarding data to a cloud or a

remote server, requires the devices to be connected

to the Internet through long-range wireless/wired
networks which eventually connect to a backbone
network. The approach is generally costly
concerning network bandwidth, latency, as well as
the complexity of the devices and the network
infrastructure involved
 The data offloaidng is divided into 3 parts 1)Offload

location (which outlines where all the processing can

be offloaded in the IOT architecture) 2) Offload
decision making (how to choose where to offload the
processing to and by how much) 3) Offloading
considerations (deciding when to offload)
 OFFLOAD LOCATION
 The choice of offload location decides the
applicability, cost and sustainability of the IOT
application and deployment
 Offload location are 4 types

 EDGE: Offloading processing to the edge implies

that the data processing is facilitated to a location at

or near the source of data generation itself.
 Offloading to the edge is done to achieve
aggregation, manipulation, bandwidth reduction and
other data operations directly on an IOT device
 FOG : Fog computing is a decentralized computing

infrastructure that is utilised to conserve network

bandwidth, reduce latencies, restrict the amount of
data unnecessarily flowing through the internet and
enable rapid mobility support for IOT devices.
 The data, computing, storage, and applications are
shifted to a place between the data source and the
cloud resulting in significantly reduces latencies and
network bandwidth
 REMOTE SERVER: A simple remote server with

good processing power may be used with IOT based

application to offload the processing from resources
constrained IOT devices. Rapid scalability may be an
issue with remote servers, and they may be costlier
and hard to maintain in comparison to solutions
such as the cloud
 CLOUD: Cloud computing is a configurable computer
system, which can get access to configurable resources,
platforms, and high-level services through a shared pool
hosted remotely.
 A could is provisioned for processing offloading so
that processing resources can be rapidly provisioned
with
 Minimal effort over the Internet, which can be
accessed globally. Cloud enables massive scalability
of solutions as they can enable resource
enhancement allocated to a user or solution in an
on-demand manner, without the user having to go
through the pains of acquiring and configuring new
and costly hardware
END OF UNIT IV