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Sensors and its Types

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Aboutto US
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About Us- Created as 'Ganga Packaging' in 1998, we became 'Shubham Flexible Packaging
Machines Pvt. Ltd.' in 2002
A creation of Mr. Virendra Sharma, our Chairman & Managing Director, Shubham today is the
leader in manufacturing of multi track, collar type and lined carton packing machines. Shubham
not only boasts of some big names in it's client list within India, it also has an enviable list of
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customers worldwide.
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What toisedit Master
a Sensor?

A sensor is defined as a device or a module that helps to detect any

changes in physical quantity like pressure, force or electrical quantity like
current or any other form of energy. After observing the changes, sensor
sends the detected input to a microcontroller or microprocessor.

Finally, a sensor produces a readable output signal, which can be either optical,
electrical, or any form of signal that corresponds to change in input signal. In
any measurement system, sensors play a major role. In fact, sensors are the
first element in the block diagram of measurement system, which comes in
direct contact with the variables to produce a valid output.

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Classification of Sensors
1.Active and Passive Sensors
2.Analog and Digital Sensors

Active Sensors:
Active sensors are the type of sensors that produces output signal with help of external
excitation supply. The own physical properties of the sensor varies with respect to the
applied external effect. Therefore, it is also called as Self Generating Sensors.
Examples: LVDT and strain gauge.

Passive Sensors:
Passive sensors are the type of sensors that produces output signal without the help of
external excitation supply. They do not need any extra stimulus or voltage.
Example: Thermocouple, which generates a voltage value corresponding to the heat,
applied. It does not require any external power supply.

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Analog Sensors
The sensor that produces continuous signal with respect to time with analog output is called

as Analog sensors. The analog output generated is proportional to the measured or the input

given to the system. Generally, analog voltage in the range of 0 to 5 V or current is produced

as the output. The various physical parameters like temperature, stress, pressure,

displacement, etc. are examples for continuous signals.

Examples: accelerometers, speed sensors, pressure sensors, light sensors,

temperature sensors.

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Digital Sensors

When data is converted and transmitted digitally, it is called as Digital sensors. Digital

sensors are the one, which produces discrete output signals. Discrete signals will be non-

continuous with time and it can be represented in “bits” for serial transmission and in

“bytes” for parallel transmission. The measuring quantity will be represented in digital

format. Digital output can be in form of Logic 1 or logic 0 (ON or OFF). A digital sensor

consists of sensor, cable and a transmitter. The measured signal is converted into a

digital signal inside sensor itself without any external component. Cable is used for long

distance transmission.

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There are different types of sensors used to measure the physical properties like heartbeat &

pulses, Speed, Heat transfer, temperature etc. Types of sensors are listed below :

• Infrared Sensor(IR Sensor)

•Temperature Sensors

•Proximity Sensor

•Accelerometers & Gyroscope Sensor

•Pressure Sensor

•Hall Effect Sensor

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• Light Sensor

• Color Sensor

• Touch Sensor

• Metal detector, Water Flow & Heartbeat Sensor

• Flow and Level Sensor

• Smoke, Fog, Gas, Ethanol & Alcohol Sensor

• Humidity, Soil Moisture & Rain Sensor

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IR SENSOR (Infrared Sensor)

• An infrared sensor is used for emitting and detecting IR radiation. By this principle, IR
sensor can be used as Obstacle detector. There are two types of IR sensors i.e.
Active and Passive IR sensors.

• Passive IR sensor: When sensor does not use any IR source to detect the emitted
energy from the obstacles it acts as a Passive IR sensor.

• Active IR sensor: When are there two components which acts as IR source and IR
detector it is called as Active IR sensor. LED or laser diode act as IR source.
Photodiode or phototransistors acts as IR detector.

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Temperature Sensor

A temperature sensor is a device, typically, a thermocouple or resistance temperature detector,

that provides temperature measurement in a readable form through an electrical signal.

A thermometer is the most basic form of a temperature meter that is used to measure the degree
of hotness and coolness.

A thermocouple (T/C) is made from two dissimilar metals that generate an electrical voltage in
direct proportion to the change in temperature. An RTD (Resistance Temperature Detector) is a
variable resistor that changes its electrical resistance in direct proportion to the change in the
temperature in a precise, repeatable, and nearly linear manner.

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Thermocouple

RTD

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Proximity Sensor
Proximity sensor is a type of non-contact sensor used for object detection. It does not
have any physical contact with the object. The object whose distance is to be measured
is known as target. An IR light or electromagnetic radiation is used in a proximity sensor.
There are different types of proximity sensors like Inductive, capacitive, Ultrasonic, etc.
applications: Object detection, to measure velocity, rotation identification, material
detection, Reverse parking sensor, object counting.

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An inductive sensor is a device that uses the principle of electromagnetic induction to detect or
measure objects. An inductor develops a magnetic field when an electric current flows through it;
alternatively, a current will flow through a circuit containing an inductor when the magnetic field
through it changes. This effect can be used to detect metallic objects that interact with a magnetic field.
Non-metallic substances, such as liquids or some kinds of dirt, do not interact with the magnetic field,
so an inductive sensor can operate in wet or dirty conditions.

The capacitive proximity sensor consist a high-frequency oscillator along with a sensing surface
formed by two metal electrodes. When an object comes near the sensing surface, it enters the
electrostatic field of the electrodes and changes the capacitance of the oscillator.

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The working principle of an ultrasonic sensor is to measure distance using ultrasound, which
travels faster than sound that is audible. This sensor consists of two major components a
transmitter that generates sound waves via a piezoelectric crystal and a receiver that detects
the reflected ultrasonic waves.

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Accelerometers & Gyroscope Sensor

Accelerometer is a type of sensor that is used to detect changes in position, velocity,

and vibration by sensing motion. It can be either analog or digital type. In analog
accelerometer, depending on volume of acceleration applied to accelerometer,
continuous analog voltage signal is produced.

Gyroscope sensor to sense and determine the orientation with the help of Earth’s
gravity i.e. it measures the angular velocity. The main difference between
Accelerometers & Gyroscope Sensors is that Gyroscope can sense the rotation where
accelerometer can’t. In other words, Gyroscope measure any rotation and unaffected
by acceleration and Accelerometer cannot distinguish rotation from acceleration and
unable to work when in center of rotation.

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Hall Effect Sensor

The sensor that works on principle of magnetic effect is called Hall Effect sensor.
Magnetic field is the input and electrical signal is the output. External magnetic field
is applied to activate Hall Effect sensor.
Applications: One of the main uses of magnetic sensors is in automotive
systems for the sensing of position, distance and speed. Hall Effect sensors are
used for GPS position detection, Speed detection, to control motor.
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Light Sensor

Digital LED or Opto-detector used to produce a Digital Signal to measured the speed of
rotating shaft . A disc is attached to the rotating shaft. Rotating shaft has transparent slots on
its circumference. When the shaft rotates at a speed, the disc also rotates with it. The sensor
passes through each slot on the shaft, which produces an output pulse as either logic 1 or
logic 0. The output is displayed on LCD after passing through counter/register.

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