Asme Iit Roorkee Section: Basic Electronics
Uploaded by
Dheeraj BudhirajaAsme Iit Roorkee Section: Basic Electronics
Uploaded by
Dheeraj BudhirajaASME IIT ROORKEE SECTION
MODELS AND ROBOTICS SECTION
Basic Electronics
SENSORS
What is a sensor?
A sensor is an electronic device which acquires any physical quanties
and converts it into an electronic signal that can be processed.
In simple words, it acquires information from real world.
real
world
primary
transducer
secondary
transducer
analog
signal
Active element of a sensor is called a transducer.
Input
Sensor data
sensor
Analog/Digital
microcontroller network
signal processing
communication
display
Usable
Data
Transducers
A device which converts one form of energy to another.
When input is a physical quantity and output electrical
When input is a electrical and output physical quantity
e.g. Piezoelectric:
Force to voltage
Voltage to force
Sensor
Actuator
e.g. Sound:
Microphone Sound to
electric signal
Loud Speaker
Electric signal to
sound
Three-axes
acceleromete
r
Light
Sensor
Ultrasonic
Sensor
SENSORS
Bump Sensor
Sharp IR Sensor
Proximity Sensor
Encoder
Color Sensors
Light is comprised
frequencies.
of
several
When light is incident on a surface,
some frequencies are absorbed and
some are reflected.
We can see an object because of this
reflected light.
Color sensors
IR sensors
LED sensors
IR sensors
The IR sensor has two major parts,
namely the LED and the LDR.
The LED emits IR rays which are
reflected by the target surface.
The reflected light is received by the
LDR and converted to voltage signal.
Higher voltage => Higher intensity of
light reflected.
LDR is a light dependant
resistor. Instead an IR
photo transistor can also
be used.
A LED (Light Emitting Diode) is basically
apn junctiondiode, which emits light when
activated.
When a suitablevoltageis applied to the
leads,electronsare able to recombine
withelectron holeswithin the device,
releasing energy in the form ofphotons.
This effect is calledelectroluminescence,
and the color of the light is determined by
the energyband gapof the semiconductor.
Color
Infrared
Material
Gallium arsenide(GaAs)
Aluminium gallium arsenide(AlGaAs)
Red
Gallium(III) phosphide(GaP)
Blue
Zinc selenide(ZnSe), Indium gallium nitride(InGaN)
Ultraviolet
Diamond(235nm), Boron nitride(215nm), Aluminium
nitride(AlN)(210nm)
The LED consists of a chip of semiconducting materialdopedwith
impurities to create ap-n junction.
Charge-carrierselectronsandholesflow
into
the
junction
fromelectrodeswith different voltages.
When an electron meets a hole, it falls into a lowerenergy leveland
releasesenergyin the form of aphoton.
Infrared phototransistors are almost like
standard NPN transistors. NPN transistors
require a current at the base to allow a large
current to flow from the collector to the
emitter. The infrared phototransistor
operates on the same principle, however the
small current is created by infrared light.
Aphotoresistororlight-dependent
resistor(LDR)is a light-controlled
variableresistor. Theresistanceof a
photoresistor decreases with
increasing incident light intensity; in
other words, it
exhibitsphotoconductivity.
LED Sensors
Works on same principle as IR sensors but
coloured LEDs used.
Can differentiate better among objects of two
different colours but same intensity.
Applications
Line follower
Pick and place
Rubiks cube solver
Distance Sensors
While making a robot to deal with obstacles or
other objects, often we have to make use of
distance sensors.
Sharp Sensors
Analog distance sensor that uses infrared to detect an
objects distance.
Uses triangulation method
The further the object is
away from the sensor, the
steeper the angle will be.
In order to triangulare, a pulse of
IR light is emitted by the emitter.
The light travels out into the field
of view and either hits an object
or just keeps on going. In the case
of no object, the light is never
reflected, and the reading shows
no object.
OBJECT
Emitted Light
Reflected Light
Angle
calculate
d
I R Distance Sensor
Light detected
here
If the light reflects off an object, it returns to the detector and
creates a triangle between the point of reflection, the emitter and
the detector.
The incident angle of the reflected light varies based on the
distance to the object.
The receiver portion of the IR rangers is a precision lens that
transmits reflected light onto various portions of the enclosed linear
CCD array based on the incident angle of the reflected light.
The CCD array can then determine the incident angle, and thus
calculate the distance to the object.
Ultrasonic Sensors
Sends high frequency sound waves whose
echo is received by the receiver.
The time interval between sending the
signal and receiving echo is calculated by
using a clock pulse.
When this sensor fails?
Sharp Sensor vs Ultrasonic sensor
Sharp Sensor
Ultrasonic sensor
Works on the triangulation method Works by using a clock pulse and
i.e. angle of the light calculated. counting the time pulses between
the sent and received signals.
Gives an analog output that needs
to be converted to digital by
Analog To Digital Converter.
Gives a digital output.
Cannot be used outside in bright
sunlight.
Can be used both inside and
outside.
Since light does not reflect the
It can give accurate distance of
same way off every surface, the IR the obstacle no matter what color
sensor reading will not beuniform or texture the obstacle has.
even if the range is the same.
Bump Sensor
Like buttons or switches, bump sensors
pull high on a logic pin when pressed.
On being pressed the circuit
completed, hence we get a signal.
is
Bump
Sensor
Accelerometer
Used for measuring acceleration of a
body.
It can also measure inclination of a
body with respect to earth.
Finds many applications in self
balancing robots, alarm systems, human
motion monitoring, levelling sensor,
inclinometer.
It comprises of a mechanical sensing element and converts
the signal from the mechanical to the electrical domain.
Accelerometer
Gyroscope
Agyroscopeis a device for
measuring
or
maintaining
orientation, based on the
principles
ofangular
momentum.
Mechanically, a gyroscope is a spinning wheel or disc in which the
axle is free to assume any orientation.
Gyrometer
A Gyrometer (or gyroscope) is a device for measuring orientation along
one or several axis.
It measures the rotation of the robot on the vertical axis to determine
its orientation with respect to the arena.
A Gyrometer can be used for several purposes like:
Racing cars
Balancing
Anti roll stabilizers
Ship stabilizer
Computer pointing devices
Encoder
The encoder is a sensor attached to a rotating object to determine
displacement, velocity, or acceleration of a rotating sensor.
As it does not take skidding into
consideration, there may be
inaccurate readings.
It should be very precise as even
a small error of few degrees in
encoders multiplies over large
distances.
Encoder: Working
A Line pattern onglass or plastic discis
made
As these patterns are read a pulse is
counted
The signals is analysed by counting up or
down with each pulse and stored in digital
count.
Absolute Measuring System
Every position of the measurement is
identified by a definite code on a glass
or plastic disc.
The code is in the form of light and
dark regions within different tracks.
This combination relates to an
absolute numerical value.
Magnetometer
The magnetometer is a sensor
that measure magnetic fields. It
basically acts as a compass
having
three
degree
of
Freedom.
Coil Magnetometer
It basically measures the rate of
change of flux through a coil while
entering a magnetic field and then
integrating the rate of change of
magnetic field to obtain the net
magnetic field at the point where
the sensor is located.
Queries???
