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Sensors in Robotics A Beginners Guide

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18 views

Sensors in Robotics A Beginners Guide

Uploaded by

230105015
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Sensors in Robotics: A

Beginner's Guide
This presentation provides a detailed, beginner-friendly overview of various sensors used in robotics. It
covers the definition and importance of sensors, different types of sensors, how they work, and key
components of sensor systems. The content is designed to give a comprehensive introduction to how
robots sense and interact with their environment.

as
by aryan sharma
Introduction to Sensors in Robotics

1 Definition of Sensors 2 Importance of Sensors


Sensors are devices that detect physical, Sensors give robots the ability to sense and
environmental, or chemical changes and interact with their environment, similar to
convert them into signals that can be human senses like sight, hearing, or touch.
interpreted by the robot's control system.
Types of Sensors in Robotics

1 Proximity Sensors
Function: Detect objects or obstacles nearby without physical contact. Common Uses: Obstacle detection, object avoidance.

Examples:

- Ultrasonic Sensors: Use sound waves to detect distance (like how bats use echolocation).

- Infrared (IR) Sensors: Use infrared light to detect objects.

2 Touch/Force Sensors
Function: Detect physical contact or pressure applied to the sensor. Common Uses: Robot grippers, collision detection.

Examples:

- Bump Sensors: Simple switches that detect when the robot physically touches something.

- Force-Sensitive Resistors: Measure the amount of force or pressure applied.

3 Light Sensors
Function: Detect light levels or intensity. Common Uses: Line-following robots, object detection based on light reflection.

Examples:

- Photoresistors: Change resistance based on light intensity.

- Photodiodes: Convert light into electrical current for more accurate light measurement.

4 Temperature Sensors
Function: Measure temperature. Common Uses: Monitoring system heat levels or environmental temperatures. Examples: - Thermocouples: Measure temperature based on voltage changes due to heat. -
Thermistors: Detect small changes in temperature.

5 Gyroscope Sensors
Function: Measure rotational movement (how fast an object is spinning). Common Uses: Stabilizing robots, balancing two-wheeled robots (like Segways). Examples: - MEMS Gyroscopes: Used in smartphones
and drones to measure tilt and rotation.
Working of Sensors:SENSING
PHYSICAL CHANGES
Detection: Sensors are designed to detect specific physical or environmental properties such as light,
temperature, pressure, distance, motion, or magnetic fields. For example:

• Proximity Sensors detect the presence of an object nearby.


• Temperature Sensors detect changes in temperature.
• Light Sensors detect changes in light intensity.
Working of Sensors: Conversion of
Physical Signals to Electrical
Signals
Once the sensor detects a change, it converts this physical change into an electrical signal. This is done
through various mechanisms depending on the type of sensor.

• For instance, in light sensors (photoresistors), the light changes the resistance of the material,
which in turn affects the current flowing through the sensor.
• In accelerometers, when the sensor experiences movement or tilt, a small internal mass shifts,
generating an electrical signal based on the change in motion.
Working of Sensors:
Signal Processing
The raw electrical signals generated by the sensor are often
not directly usable. These signals usually undergo processing
to ensure they are clean, accurate, and suitable for the
control system. This can involve amplification, filtering, or
converting analog signals into digital signals.

• Analog Signals: Continuously varying signals, like the


voltage change in a temperature sensor.
• Digital Signals: Binary signals (0 or 1), where specific
thresholds are set for detecting presence or absence
(e.g., object detected or not detected).
Working of Sensors:
Sending Data to the
Robot's Control Unit
The processed signal is then sent to the robot's control unit,
usually a microcontroller or processor (e.g., Arduino,
Raspberry Pi). This unit interprets the sensor data and
determines what action to take.

• Example: If a proximity sensor detects an obstacle


ahead, the control unit might command the robot to
stop or change direction.
Working of Sensors:
Robot's Response
Based on the sensor input, the control system generates the
appropriate response or action. The response could be
something like:

• Changing movement: If an obstacle is detected, the


robot might stop, turn, or reverse.
• Adjusting grip: A robot arm might adjust its grip
strength if a force sensor detects increased pressure.
• Stabilizing motion: A drone might use accelerometer
and gyroscope data to maintain stability in flight.
Key Components in a Sensor System
Sensor Element Transducer
The part of the sensor that directly interacts Converts physical signals (like light,
with the environment to detect changes. temperature, motion) into electrical signals.

Signal Processor Control Unit


Cleans and processes the raw data from the Interprets the processed signal and makes
sensor for accurate interpretation. decisions based on the robot's programming.
Types of Sensor Signals
Analog Sensors Digital Sensors

Produce a continuous signal that varies in Produce discrete signals (high/low, on/off).
magnitude. Example: A temperature sensor might Example: A proximity sensor might output a '1' if
output a voltage that increases as the an object is detected or a '0' if no object is
temperature rises. present.

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