29/11/2024

toyoday@fc.ritsumei.ac.jp

Sustainable Urban
Policy I
 Planning Hall P. and Tewdwr-Jones M. “Urban and Regional
Planning” Fifth edition 、 Routledge 、 2011, p.3.

Plan (Noun): a)a physical representation of something such as maps

b)a method for doing something
c)an orderly arrangement of parts of an objective

Planning: The making of an orderly sequence of action that will

lead to the achievement of a stated goal or goals.
Its main techniques will be written statements,
supplemented as appropriate by statistical projections,
mathematical representations, quantified evaluations and
diagrams illustrating relationships between different parts
of the plan.
It may, but need not necessarily, include exact physical
blueprints of objects. 2
 1. Situations and
challenges in Japan
History of Disaster Management
in Japan
Disaster prevention with hard measure
↓
Disaster awareness of the people getting lower
↓
Disaster mitigation and Self-help
↓
Mutual-help
↓
Disaster management (DM) & Resilience
4
 Human deaths by natural disasters each
people year in Japan

Great East Japan

Earthquake
22,312 (as of 08/03/2022)

Earthquake
2,306
Typhoon 3,756
Cabinet
Great Hanshin-Awaji Office （ 2022 ）
Fukui Earthquake 3,769 Earthquake 「 White paper of
(including indirect death): Disaster
6,437 Mnaagement (FY
Typhoon Reiwa 4) 」
Vera （ retrieved on
5,098 21/Nov/2024 ）：
https://www.bousa
i.go.jp/kaigirep/ha
kusho/r04/honbun
1958

1995
1945

1959

2022
2011
/3b_6s_07_00.htm
l
Year 5
 Why community?
• First responder to disasters
• With knowledge of the vulnerabilities and capacities of the
locality
• Main actors to manage emergency shelters and thereafter
↓
Importance of community-based disaster management programs
attributed to
-the participation of the community
6
-theand
Toyoda Yusuke involvement of different
Kanegae Hidehiko ‘A Community groups
Evacuation Planning Modelof people
against Urban Earthquakes’ Regional Science
Association International “Regional Science, Policy and Practice” Volume 6, Issue 3, August 2014, pp. 231-249,
DOI: 10.1111/rsp3.12036.
 Present Situation
• Promoting community-based disaster mitigation is
essential

• Organizing ‘Jishu-Bosai-Kai (Community-based Disaster

Management Group)’ and promoting ‘Syobo-dan/Suibo-
dan (Community-based Fire/Flood Fighting Corps),
however, its activities are keeping inactive in many
communities.

• Social capital is important, but only a limited number of

residents participate in, and what’s more, the majority is the
aged people.
7
 Situations of Community-based
DM Group

8
Source: Adapted from Shoji (2011) (Raw data were quoted from Fire Disaster Management Agency
[2004, 2007, 2009])
Figure: Changes in the numbers and organized ratio of Community-
2. Three Approaches
Three approaches (Pyramid of
Involvement)
Implementing effective community-based DM
activities with a limited number of participants

Holding activities to attract more participants in

DM

Informing effectively non-participants about

important information
10
Three approaches (Pyramid of
Involvement)
Implementing effective community-based DM
activities with a limited number of participants

2. To enhance
1. To realize
awareness and
effective disaster
promoting take
learning
actions for
contents/methods
disaster
management
11
3. Community-based Disaster
Mitigation
(a case study on community
evacuation)
 Process of Risk
Management
• Risk Assessment
1

• Risk Communication
2

• Risk Management
3

13
Kanegae Hidehiko and Toyoda Yusuke ‘Making Use of Disaster Experience as Lessons: Learning Disaster with Recognition and
Sharing by Gaming’ ‘Text: Theory of Disaster Mitigation of Cultural Heritage’ Publishing Committee of Ritsumeikan University,
“Text: Theory of Disaster Mitigation of Cultural Heritage” Gakugei-Shuppan Publisher, March, 2013, pp. 131-146 (in Japanese),
ISBN 978-4-7615-2549-1.
Risk Assessment

Individual Risk Individual Risk

Individual Risk

Individual Risk
Individual Risk Individual Risk
14
Risk Communication

Community Risk

Individual Risk Individual Risk

Individual Risk

Individual Risk
Individual Risk Individual Risk
15
Risk Communication

Community Risk

Individual Risk Individual Risk

Individual Risk

Individual Risk
Individual Risk Individual Risk
16
Risk Management

Community Risk

17
 Construction of
Community
Evacuation Systems
Toyoda Yusuke and Kanegae Hidehiko ‘A Community Evacuation Planning Model against Urban
Earthquakes’ Regional Science Association International “Regional Science, Policy and Practice” (Wiley)
Volume 6, Issue 3, August 2014, pp. 231-249, DOI: 10.1111/rsp3.12036.
Toyoda Yusuke, Kanegae Hidehiko and Sakai Kohei ‘Gaming Simulation for Community-Based Disaster
Reduction’ Kriz, C. Willy (Eds.) “The Shift from Teaching to Learning: Individual, Collective and
Organizational Learning through Gaming Simulation” W. Bertelsmann Verlag, July, 2014, pp. 330-344,
Community-based Disaster
Management Framework for
Community Evacuation
Environment Systems

Present Situation
Construct Systems

Assessing
Environment
& Systems

19
Community-based Disaster
Management Framework for
Community Evacuation
Environment Systems
Disaster
Present Situation Map
Construct Systems
Making

Assessing
Environment
& Systems

20
Disaster Map Making

Risk Assessment

Risk Communication
21
Disaster Map Making
Temporary
Evacuation
Site
Evacuation
Route
Fire
Extinguisher
Fire Bucket
Fire Hydrant
Vacant
Residence
Bridge
Manhole
Evacuation Map 43
Brock Fence
illustrating the community evacuation systems
22
Community-based Disaster
Management Framework for
Community Evacuation
Environment Systems
Disaster
Present Situation Map
Construct Systems
Making

Assessing
Environment
& Systems

23
 Assessment
of Community
Evacuation
Environment
 Community-based Disaster
Management Framework for
Community Evacuation
Environment Systems
Disaster
Present Situation
Map
Construct Systems
Making

DIG: Assessing
Disaster Environment
Imagination & Systems
Game
25
DIG (Disaster Imagination
Game)
Making use of the disaster map
↓
Putting necessary information on the map
(water source, narrow streets, etc)

26
27
DIG (Disaster Imagination
Game)
Making use of the disaster map
↓
Putting necessary information on the map
(water source, narrow streets, etc)
↓
Giving scenario which the community would
face in disaster

28
Evacuation, Fire, Rescue

29
DIG (Disaster Imagination
Game)
Making use of the disaster map
↓
Putting necessary information on the map (water
source, narrow streets, etc)
↓
Giving scenario which the community would face in
disaster
↓
Letting participants discuss what to do, what to
prepare, etc.
↓
Finding problems in the community 30
DIG (Disaster Imagination
Game)

31
DIG (Disaster Imagination
Game)
No tool/equipment to rescue
↓
Preparing disaster warehouse in a temple
by asking equal donation from residents
↓
Storing tools/equipment by borrowing from
residents first
↓
Keeping collecting donation and buying
tools/equipments
32
Assessment of
Community
Evacuation
Systems
Community-based Disaster
Management Framework for
Community Evacuation
Environment System2

Present Situation
Disaster
Construct Systems Map
Making
DIG
Simulation Simulation EST:
Assessing Assessing Evacuation
Environment Systems Simulation
Training
34
EST: EVACUATION SIMULATION
TRAINING
Participants are
• To be assigned their roles
• To evacuate from their houses
• To encounter situations after
earthquake
• To reach their wider evacuation
space
35
Rule
• To follow their roles

• To open situation cards when

needed

• To evacuate to the wider

evacuation Site

36
 Role 1

• The injured by furniture falling down by earthquake

• To not be able to pass some streets which are blocked
by walls

37
 Role 2

• The buried under their houses by

earthquake
• To not to able to start evacuation
until three residents rescue them

38
 Situation 1

• Block walls are fallen down. If

you are the injured, you need
two residents to help pass the
street

Source: 39
Map for the training

40
Learning model
Individual Individual Individual
evacuation from evacuation from evacuation from ･･･
house (role) house (role) house (role)

Individual evacuate as smooth as expected, or

Individual cannot evacuate as smooth as expected
(role + situation + evacuation behavior of other players)
Problem (risk) Problem (risk) Problem (risk)
and advantage and advantage and advantage Risk
which player did which player did which player did ･･･ assessment
not expected not expected not expected

Sharing risks experienced individual players

Risk
in community evacuation systems
communication
Risk Risk Risk Risk Risk ･･･

Risk

41
Reducing important and/or urgent risks management
Briefing

42
Game

43
Debriefing

44
Risk Assessment in the
systems 1
Evacuation Shelter

Temporary House of
Evacuation Site Resident a

45
Risk Assessment in the
systems 1
Evacuation Shelter

Temporary House of
Evacuation Site Resident a

46
Risk Assessment in the
systems 1
Evacuation Shelter

Temporary House of
Evacuation Site Resident a

47
Risk Assessment in the
systems 1
Evacuation Shelter

Temporary House of
Evacuation Site Resident a

48
Risk Assessment in the
systems 2
Evacuation
Shelter
?

Temporary House of
Evacuation Resident
Site b

49
Risk Assessment in the
systems 3

House of
Evacuation
Resident
Shelter c

Temporary
Evacuation
Site

50
Risk Communication
(Debriefing)
Two of the decisions:
Making the list of residents to know who
comes to the temporary evacuation places
and sharing the list with ones provided their
info

Set another temporary evacuation site (at

the same site as evacuation site)
51
Community-based Disaster
Management Framework for
Community Evacuation
Environment System

Present Situation
Disaster
Construct Systems Map
Making
DIG EST
Simulation Simulation
Assessing Assessing
Environment Systems

52
 Other GS or disaster-related
games
EST for school students:
Toyoda Yusuke ‘Gaming Simulations as the Medium for Disaster Education in Schools and Community-based Disaster Risk
Reduction’ Society for Social Management Systems “Internet Journal of Society for Social Management Systems” Vol.11,
Issue 2, July, 2018, pp. 80-90, ISBN: 2432-552X: https://ssms.jp/img/files/2019/04/sms17_1677.pdf

Crossroad:
Some description: https://bekobe.smartkobe-portal.com/interview/en/2016/01/1679/index.html

Hinanjo-Unei Game (Evacuation Shelter Management Game):

Komori, K., Ichikawa, M., Deguchi, H., & Saito, K. (2019). QR HUG: A Study on the Development of a Game to Manage a
Shelter Using QR Codes. Simulation & Gaming, 50(5), 494–508. https://doi.org/10.1177/1046878119867390

Saske-nable:
Otsuki, S., Amano, K., Harada, M., Kitamura, I., Rem J., Sadaike, Y., & Mimura, S. (2016). Development of SASKE-NABLE: A
Simulation Game Utilizing Lessons from the Great East japan Earthquake. In Kaneda T, Kanegae H, Toyoda Y, Rizzi P
(Eds.). Simulation and Gaming in the Network Society (pp. 323-338). Berlin, Germany: Springer.

53
Three approaches (Pyramid of
Involvement)
Implementing effective community-based DM
activities with a limited number of participants

1. To enhance
2. To realize
awareness and
effective disaster
promoting take
learning
actions for
contents/methods
disaster
management
54
Three approaches (Pyramid of
Involvement)

Holding activities to attract more participants in

DM

55
 Why community?
• First responder to disasters
• With knowledge of the vulnerabilities and capacities of the
locality
• Main actors to manage emergency shelters and thereafter
↓
Importance of community-based disaster management programs
attributed to
-the participation of the community
56
-the involvement of different groups of people
Toyoda Yusuke and Kanegae Hidehiko ‘A Community Evacuation Planning Model against Urban Earthquakes’ Regional Science
Association International “Regional Science, Policy and Practice” Volume 6, Issue 3, August 2014, pp. 231-249,
DOI: 10.1111/rsp3.12036.
 Legitimate Peripheral
Participation (LPP)
Explaining: How newcomers become experienced
members and eventually old timers of a community of
practice or collaborative project

Iwahori, T., Yamoro, K., Miyamoto, T., Shiroshita, H. and Iio, Y.

(2017) ‘Disaster Education Based on Legitimate Peripheral
Participation Theory: A New Model of Disaster Science
Communication’ Journal of Natural Disaster Science, 38(1), pp.1-15. 57
Legitimate Peripheral Participation
Newcomers become members of a community initially by
participating in simple and low-risk tasks that are nonetheless
productive and necessary and further the goals of the
community.

Through peripheral activities, novices become acquainted with

the tasks, vocabulary, and organizing principles of the
community.

Novices are not necessarily going to become old timers, but

they provide novel ideas that old timers cannot come up with.
58
 Legitimate Peripheral
Participation (LPP)
Explaining: How newcomers become experienced
members and eventually old timers of a community of
practice or collaborative project

Legitimate=???
Peripheral=???

Iwahori, T., Yamoro, K., Miyamoto, T., Shiroshita, H. and Iio, Y.

(2017) ‘Disaster Education Based on Legitimate Peripheral
Participation Theory: A New Model of Disaster Science
Communication’ Journal of Natural Disaster Science, 38(1), pp.1-15. 59
 Legitimate Peripheral
Participation (LPP)
Explaining: How newcomers become experienced
members and eventually old timers of a community of
practice or collaborative project

Legitimate=Real
Peripheral=Variety

Iwahori, T., Yamoro, K., Miyamoto, T., Shiroshita, H. and Iio, Y.

(2017) ‘Disaster Education Based on Legitimate Peripheral
Participation Theory: A New Model of Disaster Science
Communication’ Journal of Natural Disaster Science, 38(1), pp.1-15. 60
 Conceptual Model
Holding festivals, events attracting
them
2. To become
1. To enhance active members
awareness and by enhancing
promoting take awareness and/or
actions for enhancing social
disaster capital
management

61
 Disaster Sport Festival
• Incorporating into community event, etc.
Have more observers and more potential participants]

• Promoting Participation
Approach to Kids and their parents
Raise awareness and social capital

Passive participants
Toyoda Yusuke ‘A Study on Intention of the Age of Maturity to Participate in Local Disaster Management
Activities with Emphasis on Easiness’ Japan Society for Natural Disaster Science “Journal of Natural Disaster
Science” Vol.39, No.4, February 2021, pp. 391-406, DOI: 10.24762/jndsj.39.4_391 (in Japanese). 63
• Theory of planned behavior (Ajzen, 1991)
Risk as Feeling Model (Loewenstein, et al. 2001)

• Social Capital Enhancement?

64
 Fishing game for disaster
preparedness
• Fishing items important for disaster preparedness gets
higher scores.
• Play one time, get explanation, try the game again, and
compare the scores to check (short-term) memory.

65
 Conceptual Model
Holding festivals, events attracting
them
1. To become
2. To enhance active
awareness and members by
promoting take enhancing
actions for awareness
disaster and/or
management enhancing
social capital

66
Three approaches (Pyramid of
Involvement)

Informing effectively non-participants about

important information
67
Distributing Information

• Provide necessary information with

other information important to everyday
life (ex. garbage separation)
→Document to attach to refrigerator
→Non-participants to be helpers in
emergency and not to be distributors

68
Evacuation in local communities
Evacuation Shelter

Temporary
Evacuation Site

House House House

69
Evacuation in local communities
Evacuation Shelter

Temporary
Evacuation Site

House House House

70
Evacuation in local communities
Evacuation Shelter

Temporary
Evacuation Site

House House House

71
Evacuation in local communities
Evacuation Shelter

Temporary
Evacuation Site

House House House

Mutual help is a necessary condition. 72

Three approaches (Pyramid of
Involvement)
Implementing effective community-based DM
activities with a limited number of participants

Holding activities to attract more participants in

DM

Informing effectively non-participants about

important information
73