ANALOG INTEGRATED CIRCUITS

& SYSTEMS
EC2201 [3 0
0 3]

Manish Tiwari
 ANALOG INTEGRATED CIRCUITS &
SYSTEMS
EC2201 [3 0 0 3]
• Operational amplifiers: transfer characteristics and frequency response of op-amp, measurement of opamp parameters. Block
level representation of Op-amp;
• Linear applications of op-amp: voltage to current converter, current to voltage converter, instrumentation amplifier and bridge
amplifier.
• Active filters: Design and analysis of higher order low pass, high pass, band pass (wide and narrow band) and band elimination
(wide and narrow band) and all pass active filters.
• Non-linear applications of operational amplifier: rectifiers, peak detector, sample and hold circuit, comparators, window detector,
Schmitt trigger, square wave, triangular wave generators, oscillators.
• Timer IC: pin details and internal working of 555 IC. Applications: astable multivibrator, monostable multivibrator, Schmitt trigger.
• Data converters: Principles and specifications of digital to analog converter (DAC) and analog to digital converters (ADC), binary
weighted and R-2R DAC, successive approximation type, counter type and servo tracking type and dual slope ADC.
• Phase-locked loop IC 565 and Voltage Controlled Oscillator IC 566: Analysis and applications. IC based voltage regulators and
power amplifiers.
• References:
• 1. R.A. Gayakwad, Op-Amps and Linear Integrated Circuits, (4e), Prentice Hall of India, 2002.
• 2. W. D. Stanley, Operational Amplifiers with Linear Integrated Circuits, (4e), Pearson Education, 2007.
• 3. F. Sergio, Design with Op amps & Analog Integrated Circuits, (4e), McGraw Hill, 2014.
References
A Discrete Electronic Circuit
• An electronic circuit is a group of electronic components connected for a
specific purpose.
• A simple electronic circuit can be designed easily because it requires few
discrete electronic components and connections.
• However, designing a complex electronic circuit is difficult, as it requires more
number of discrete electronic components and their connections.
• It is also time taking to build such complex circuits and their reliability is also
less.
• These difficulties can be overcome with Integrated Circuits.
Integrated Circuit (IC)
• If multiple electronic components are interconnected on a single chip
of semiconductor material, then that chip is called as an Integrated
Circuit (IC).
• It consists of both active and passive components.
Advantages of Integrated Circuits
Integrated circuits offer many advantages as discussed below −
• Compact size − For a given functionality, you can obtain a circuit of smaller size using ICs, compared to that built using
a discrete circuit.
• Lesser weight − A circuit built with ICs weighs lesser when compared to the weight of a discrete circuit that is used for
implementing the same function of IC. using ICs, compared to that built using a discrete circuit.
• Low power consumption − ICs consume lower power than a traditional circuit,because of their smaller size and
construction.
• Reduced cost − ICs are available at much reduced cost than discrete circuits because of their fabrication technologies
and usage of lesser material than discrete circuits.
• Increased reliability − Since they employ lesser connections, ICs offer increased reliability compared to digital circuits.
• Improved operating speeds − ICs operate at improved speeds because of their switching speeds and lesser power
consumption.
 Classification

• Digital ICs
• Linear ICs
Integrated circuits

Monolithic circuits Thick Hybrid circuits

&Thin film

Bipolar Uni polar

Pn junction Dielectric JFET

MOSFET
isolation isolation

Classification of ICs
 Chip size and Complexity
• Invention of Transistor (Ge) - 1947

• Development of Silicon - 1955-1959

• Silicon Planar Technology - 1959

• First ICs, SSI (3- 30gates/chip) - 1960

• MSI ( 30-300 gates/chip) - 1965-1970

• LSI ( 300-3000 gates/chip) -1970-1975

• VLSI (More than 3k gates/chip) - 1975

• ULSI (more than one million active devices are integrated on single chip)
 SSI MSI LSI VLSI ULSI

< 100 active 100-1000 1000- >100000 Over 1

devices active 100000 active million
devices active devices active
devices devices
Integrated BJT’s and MOSFETS 8bit, 16bit Pentium
resistors, Enhanced Microproces Microproces
diodes & MOSFETS sors sors
BJT’s
IC Package types
• Metal can Package
• Dual-in-line
• Flat Pack
Metal can Packages
• The metal sealing plane is at the bottom over which the chip is
bounded
• It is also called transistor pack
Dual-in-line Package
• The chip is mounted inside a plastic or ceramic case
• The 8 pin Dip is called MiniDIP and also available with 12, 14, 16,
20pins
Flat pack
• The chip is enclosed in a rectangular ceramic case
 Selection of IC Package

Type Criteria

Metal can 1. Heat dissipation is important

package 2. For high power applications like
power amplifiers, voltage regulators
etc.
DIP 1. For experimental or bread boarding
purposes as easy to mount
2. If bending or soldering of the leads is
not required
3. Suitable for printed circuit boards as
lead spacing is more

Flat pack 1. More reliability is required

2. Light in weight
3. Suited for airborne applications
 Packages

The metal can (TO) The Flat Package

Package

The Dual-in-Line (DIP)

Package
 Factors affecting selection of IC
package

• Relative cost

• Reliability

• Weight of the package

• Ease of fabrication

• Power to be dissipated

• Need of external heat sink

 Temperature Ranges

1. Military temperature range : -55o C to +125o C (-55o C to +85o C)

2. Industrial temperature range : -20o C to +85o C (-40o C to +85o C )

3. Commercial temperature range: 0o C to +70o C (0o C to +75o C )

Manufacturer’s Designation for Linear
ICs
• Fairchild - µA, µAF

• National Semiconductor - LM,LH,LF,TBA

• Motorola - MC,MFC

• RCA - CA,CD

• Texas Instruments - SN

• Signetics - N/S,NE/SE

• Burr- Brown - BB
Types of Integrated Circuits
• Integrated circuits are of two types − Analog Integrated Circuits and Digital Integrated Circuits.
• Analog Integrated Circuits
Integrated circuits that operate over an entire range of continuous values of the signal amplitude are called
as Analog Integrated Circuits. These are further classified into the two types as discussed here −
• Linear Integrated Circuits − An analog IC is said to be Linear, if there exists a linear relation between its
voltage and current. IC 741, an 8-pin Dual In-line Package (DIP)op-amp, is an example of Linear IC.
• Radio Frequency Integrated Circuits − An analog IC is said to be Non-Linear, if there exists a non-linear
relation between its voltage and current. A Non-Linear IC is also called as Radio Frequency IC.
• Digital Integrated Circuits
If the integrated circuits operate only at a few pre-defined levels instead of operating for an entire range of
continuous values of the signal amplitude, then those are called as Digital Integrated Circuits.
Operational Amplifier
• Operational Amplifiers, or Op-amps as they are more commonly called, are one of the basic
building blocks of Analogue Electronic Circuits.
• Operational amplifiers are linear devices that have all the properties required for nearly ideal DC
amplification and are therefore used extensively in signal conditioning, filtering or to perform
mathematical operations such as add, subtract, integration and differentiation.
• An Operational Amplifier, or op-amp for short, is fundamentally a voltage amplifying device
designed to be used with external feedback components such as resistors and capacitors between
its output and input terminals.
• These feedback components determine the resulting function or “operation” of the amplifier and
by virtue of the different feedback configurations whether resistive, capacitive or both, the
amplifier can perform a variety of different operations, giving rise to its name of “Operational
Amplifier”.
Pin Diagram
IC Product

OFFSET OUTPUT A 1 8 V+
NULL
1 8 N.C.
-IN A 2  7 OUTPUT B
-IN 2 7 V+
 +
+IN A 3  6 -IN B
+IN 3 + 6 OUTPUT
V 4 + 5 +IN B
OFFSET
V 4 5 NULL

DIP-741 Dual op-amp 1458 device

Operational Amplifier 22
The Op-Amp Chip

741 Op Amp or LM351 Op Amp

Op Amp
Op-amp have 5 basic terminals(ie 2 i/p’s 1 o/p and 2 power
supply terminals

Positive power
supply (Positive
rail)
Non-
inverting
Input
terminal Output
terminal

Inverting input
terminal

Negative power
supply
(Negative rail)
 Single-Ended Input
+
V o
• + terminal : Source
• – terminal : Ground
~ Vi • 0o phase change


+
V
o • + terminal : Ground
• – terminal : Source
 • 180o phase change

~
V i The output goes positive when the non-inverting input (+) goes
more positive than the inverting (-) input, and vice versa.

25 Ref:080114HKN Operational Amplifier

 Basic Information of an Op-amp
contd…

Power supply connection:

The power supply voltage may range from about + 5V to

+ 22V.

The common terminal of the V+ and V- sources is

connected to a reference point or ground.
Differential Amplifier

V0 =Ad (V1 – V2 )

Ad =20 log10 (Ad ) in dB

(V1  V2 )
Vc = 2
Ad
CMRR= ρ = | A |
c
 Characteristics and performance
parameters of Op-amp

• Input offset Voltage

• Input offset current

• Input bias current

• Differential input resistance

• Input capacitance

• Open loop voltage gain

• CMRR

• Output voltage swing

 Characteristics and performance parameters
of Op-amp

• Output resistance

• Offset adjustment range

• Input Voltage range

• Power supply rejection ratio

• Power consumption

• Slew rate

• Gain – Bandwidth product

• Equivalent input noise voltage and current

 Characteristics and performance parameters
of Op-amp

• Average temperature coefficient of offset parameters

• Output offset voltage

• Supply current
 1. Input Offset Voltage

The differential voltage that must be applied between the two

input terminals of an op-amp, to make the output voltage zero.

It is denoted as Vios

For op-amp 741C the input offset voltage is 6mV

 2. Input offset current

The algebraic difference between the currents flowing into the

two input terminals of the op-amp

It is denoted as Iios = | Ib1 – Ib2|

For op-amp 741C the input offset current is 200nA

 3. Input bias current

The average value of the two currents flowing into

the op-amp input terminals

It is expressed mathematically as

I b1  I b 2
2

For 741C the maximum value of Ib is 500nA

 4. Differential Input Resistance

It is the equivalent resistance measured at either the inverting or

non-inverting input terminal with the other input terminal
grounded

It is denoted as Ri

For 741C it is of the order of 2MΩ

 5. Input capacitance

It is the equivalent capacitance measured at either the inverting

or non- inverting input terminal with the other input terminal
grounded.

It is denoted as Ci

For 741C it is of the 1-4 pF

 6. Open loop Voltage gain

It is the ratio of output voltage to the differential input voltage,

when op-amp is in open loop configuration, without any

feedback. It is also called as large signal voltage gain

It is denoted as AOL AOL=Vo / Vd

For 741C it is typically 200,000

 7. CMRR

It is the ratio of differential voltage gain Ad to common

mode voltage gain Ac

CMRR = Ad / Ac

Ad is open loop voltage gain AOL and Ac = VOC / Vc

For op-amp 741C CMRR is 90 dB

 8. Output Voltage swing

The op-amp output voltage gets saturated at +Vcc and –

VEE and it cannot produce output voltage more than +Vcc

and –VEE. Practically voltages +Vsat and –Vsat are slightly

less than +Vcc and –VEE .

For op-amp 741C the saturation voltages are + 13V for supply voltages + 15V
 9. Output Resistance

It is the equivalent resistance measured between the output

terminal of the op-amp and ground

It is denoted as Ro

For op-amp 741 it is 75Ω

 10. Offset voltage adjustment range

The range for which input offset voltage can be adjusted using
the potentiometer so as to reduce output to zero

For op-amp 741C it is + 15mV

 11. Input Voltage range

It is the range of common mode voltages which can be applied

for which op-amp functions properly and given offset
specifications apply for the op-amp

For + 15V supply voltages, the input voltage range is + 13V

 12. Power supply rejection ratio

PSRR is defined as the ratio of the change in input offset voltage

due to the change in supply voltage producing it, keeping the
other power supply voltage constant. It is also called as power
supply sensitivity (PSV)

PSRR= (Δvios / ΔVcc)|constant VEE PSRR= (Δvios / ΔVEE)|constant Vcc

The typical value of PSRR for op-amp 741C is 30µV/V

 13. Power Consumption

It is the amount of quiescent power to be consumed by op-amp

with zero input voltage, for its proper functioning

It is denoted as Pc

For 741C it is 85mW

 14. Slew rate

It is defined as the maximum rate of change of output voltage

with time. The slew rate is specified in V/µsec

Slew rate = S = dVo / dt |max

It is specified by the op-amp in unity gain condition.

The slew rate is caused due to limited charging rate of the

compensation capacitor and current limiting and saturation of the
internal stages of op-amp, when a high frequency large amplitude
signal is applied.
 Slew rate

It is given by dVc /dt = I/C

For large charging rate, the capacitor should be small or the

current should be large.
S = Imax / C

For 741 IC the charging current is 15 µA and

the internal capacitor is 30 pF. S= 0.5V/ µsec
 15. Gain – Bandwidth product

It is the bandwidth of op-amp when voltage gain is unity (1). It is

denoted as GB.

The GB is also called unity gain bandwidth

(UGB) or closed loop bandwidth

It is about 1MHz for op-amp 741C

 18. Output offset voltage ( Voos )

The output offset voltage is the dc voltage present at the output

terminals when both the input terminals are grounded.

It is denoted as Voos
 19. Supply current

It is drawn by the op-amp from the power supply

For op-amp 741C it is 2.8mA

 The Ideal Operational Amplifier

• Open loop voltage gain AOL =∞

• Input Impedance Ri =∞

• Output Impedance Ro =0

• Bandwidth BW =∞

• Zero offset (Vo = 0 when V1 = V2 = 0) Vios =0

• CMRR ρ =∞

• Slew rate S =∞

• No effect of temperature

• Power supply rejection ratio PSRR =0

 Ideal Op-amp
1. An ideal op-amp draws no current at both the input
terminals I.e. I1 = I2 = 0. Thus its input impedance is
infinite. Any source can drive it and there is no loading
on the driver stage

2. The gain of an ideal op-amp is infinite, hence the

differential input Vd = V1 – V2 is essentially zero for the

finite output voltage Vo

3. The output voltage Vo is independent of the current

drawn from the output terminals. Thus its output
impedance is zero and hence output can drive an infinite
number of other circuits
Op amp equivalent circuit
Block diagram of op amp
• An Operational Amplifier is basically a three-terminal device which
consists of two high impedance inputs.
• One of the inputs is called the Inverting Input, marked with a negative or
“minus” sign, ( – ).
• The other input is called the Non-inverting Input, marked with a positive
or “plus” sign ( + ).
• A third terminal represents the operational amplifiers Output port which
can both sink and source either a voltage or a current.

• In a linear operational amplifier, the output signal is the amplification factor, known as the amplifiers
gain ( A ) multiplied by the value of the input signal and depending on the nature of these input and
output signals, there can be four different classifications of operational amplifier gain.
• Voltage – Voltage “in” and Voltage “out”
• Current – Current “in” and Current “out”
• Transconductance – Voltage “in” and Current “out”
• Transresistance – Current “in” and Voltage “out”