Chemistry for Engineering CHEM102

LECTURE 6_WS2024
Reactions in Aqueous Solutions

Dr. Marwa Hany

Marwa.hany@giu-uni.de

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 LECTURE 6- learning Outcomes

 Define different types of electrolytes

 Learn the principles of precipitation reactions

 Recognize the different rules that govern solubility of salts in water

 Define oxidation-reduction (Redox) reaction.

 Assign oxidation numbers to different atoms.

 Identify oxidizing and reducing reagents in redox reactions

 Recognize different types of redox reactions

 Learn a life application of redox reactions

 Recognize types of electrochemical cells and how they function

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 Types of Solutes
• Aqueous solutions : Solutions in which water is the dissolving medium or solvent

• An electrolyte: Substance that when dissolved in water produces a solution that can conduct
electricity

 We can distinguish three main types of solutes in water that yield solutions with different
electrical conductivity:

1 Strong Electrolyte: When dissolved in water, results in a solution that can

conduct electricity
2 Non electrolyte: When dissolved, results in a solution that does not conduct
electricity
3 Weak electrolytes: When dissolved, results in a solution that poorly conduct
electricity

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•Some electrolytes play important roles in the body like Calcium in bones, teeth, muscle contraction and
 Types of Solutes

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 Electrolytes
1- Strong Electrolytes
Strong electrolytes are substances that are completely ionized when they are dissolved in water

(1) Soluble Ionic Salts e.g. NaCl & KI (2) Strong Acids e.g. HCl & H2SO4 (3) Strong Bases e.g. NaOH &
Ba(OH)2 Examples:
NaCl (s) H2O Na+ (aq) + Cl- (aq)

100% Dissociation into individual

cations and anions solvated
(hydrated) by water molecules

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 Electrolytes
2- Non Electrolytes
Non electrolytes are substances that are NOT ionized when dissolved in water
Example:
H 2O No Dissociation into individual cations
C6H 12O 6(s) CH O (aq)
6 12 and anions, solubility through forming
6 H bonds with water
Glucose
3- Weak Electrolytes
Weak electrolytes are substances that are NOT Completely ionized when dissolved in water

CH3COOH CH3COO- (aq) + H+ (aq) InComplete Dissociation into individual

Acetic acid cations and anions
A reversible reaction that can occur in both directions
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 Electrolytes

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 Types of Chemical Reactions

I. Precipitation Reactions

II. Redox Reactions

III. Acid Base Reactions ( later )

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 Types of Chemical Reactions

I. Precipitation Reactions:

• Reactions that result in an insoluble product or solid precipitate that separates out from solution
• Such a reaction is called a precipitation reaction and the solid formed is called a precipitate

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 Types of Chemical Reactions

Precipitation Reactions

Pb(NO3)2(aq) + 2KI (aq) ?

 +
Pb2+(aq) + 2NO3 (aq) + 2K (aq) + 2 I (aq)
 2 KNO3 (aq) + PbI2 (s)

• Through Double Displacement reaction; a reaction that involves the exchange of parts between the two
compounds
• Possible cation–anion combinations can yield in addition to the original soluble reactants Pb(NO3)2 and
KI
other possible products : KNO3 and PbI2
• To Decide whether any of these products are insoluble and will precipitate , You should refer to the following
table:
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 I. Precipitation Reactions
Solubility Rules for Ionic Compounds in Water

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 I. Precipitation Reactions

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 I. Precipitation Reactions- NOW TRY IT YOURSELF
Classify the following ionic compounds as soluble or insoluble:

(a) silver sulfate (Ag2SO4 ) (b) calcium carbonate (CaCO3 ) (c) sodium phosphate (Na3PO4 )

According to Table of solubility rules:

a. Ag2SO4 is insoluble
b. This is a carbonate and Ca is a Group 2A metal. Therefore, CaCO3 is insoluble
c. Sodium is an alkali metal (Group 1A) so Na3PO4 is soluble

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 I. Precipitation Reactions
Molecular Equation
Shows all substances intact (undissociated compounds)

Total Ionic Equation

Shows all soluble substances as separate, solvated ions. Ag2CrO4(s) is the only undissociated
substance

The Net Ionic Equation

Eliminates the spectator ions, which are not really involved in reaction, and shows only the
reacting species

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 I. Precipitation Reactions

Molecular Equation

2 KI(aq) + Pb(NO3)2(aq)  2 KNO3(aq) + PbI2(s)

Total Ionic Equation

2K+ + 2I- + Pb2+ + 2NO3-  2K+ + 2NO3- +

PbI2(s)

Net Ionic Equation

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 II. Oxidation Reduction Reactions
Redox Reactions- Electron Transfer Reactions

The substance that loses electrons in the reaction is oxidized.

(LEO)
- The substance that gains electrons in the reaction is
reduced.(GER)
- You cannot have oxidation without reduction, each

represents a half reaction in the whole redox process

Redox reactions occur when:

 A substance reacts with O2.

 A metal combines with a nonmetal.

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When there is a change in an atomDr Marwa
oxidation number
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 Oxidation Number
Oxidation number : Number of charges the atom would have in a molecule or ionic
compound if
electrons were transferred completely.

Oxidation number represents either the actual charge on a monoatomic ion or a

hypothetical charge assigned to an atom or in a polyatomic ion.

In NaCl , it is made up of Na+ ( oxidation number +1) and Cl- ( oxidation number -
1), the total oxidation number in the formula is 0
In H2O , we assign each H an oxidation number +1 , so Oxygen must have an
oxidation number of -
2 so that the oxidation number of the whole formula is zero

Oxidation is represented by an increase in oxidation number.

Reduction is represented by a decrease
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 Oxidation Number
Rules for assigning an oxidation state (O.N.)
General rules
1) For an atom in its elemental form (Na, O.N. = 0
O2, Cl2, etc):
O.N. = ion charge
- 2- +
2)
3) The sum of the O.N. values ,for
For monatomic ion (F , S , K etc)
the atoms in a neutral compound equal zero.
4) The sum of the O.N. values for the atoms in a polyatomic ion equal the ion’s
charge.
Rules for specific atoms
1. For alkali metals: Na, K, Li (Gp I) O.N. = +1 in all compounds.
2. For alkaline earth metals: Mg, Ca , Ba, Sr (Gp II) O.N. = +2 in all compounds.
3. For O.N. = +1 in combination with
hydrogen nonmetals
O.N. = -1 in combination with metals (NaH, CaH2)

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 Oxidation Number
Rules for assigning an oxidation state (O.N.) [continue)
4. For fluorine O.N. = -1 in all compounds
5. For oxygen O.N. = -1 in peroxides (H2O2)
O.N. = -2 in all other compounds
6. For halogens (Cl, Br, O.N. = -1 in combination with metals and
I) nonmetals (except O)

Example: Assign oxidation numbers to all atoms in the

following species:
CO2 SF6 NO3 ZnCl2 KMnO4

+ +7 -2
+4 - +6 - +5 - +2 -
1
2 1 2 1 X
X X X X
4
2 6 3 2 -
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8 19
18
4 6 6 2
 Oxidizing and Reducing Agents
Example: Identify the oxidizing and reducing agent in the
following reactions

2Al + 3H2SO4  Al2(SO4)3 + 3H2

The O.N. of Al increases from 0 to +3

(Al lost electrons), so Al is oxidized; Al is the reducing
agent.
The O.N. of H decreases from +1 to 0
(H gained electrons), so H+ was reduced; H2SO4 is the
oxidizing
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 Oxidizing and Reducing Agents

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 Types of Oxidation Reduction Reactions
1. Combination Reactions

A+B C

2Al0 + 3Br20 2Al+3 Br3-

1

2. Decomposition Reactions

C A+
+1 +5 -2 +1 -1 B
2KClO3 2KCl + 0
3O2
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 Types of Oxidation Reduction Reactions

3. Displacement Reactions

A + BC AC +
B
0 +1 +2 0
Sr + Sr(OH)2 + Hydrogen Displacement
2H2O H2
+4 0 0 +2
TiCl4 + Ti + Metal Displacement
2Mg 2MgCl2
0 - -1
1
Halogen (Cl, Br, I, F)
Cl2 + 0
2KCl + Displacement
2KBr
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 Types of Oxidation Reduction Reactions
4- Combustion Reaction

A + O2
B
0 0 +4 -2
S+ SO2
O2

0 0
+2 -2
2Mg + O2
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 Life Application: Breath Analyzer
+6
3CH3CH2OH + 2K2Cr2O7 + 8H2SO4
+3
3CH3COOH + 2Cr2(SO4)3 +
2K2SO4 + 11H2O

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 Electrochemical Cells

Galvanic or Voltaic cells Electrolytic cells

A spontaneous chemical Electrical energy is used to

reaction generates electrical bring about a non-spontaneous
energy chemical reaction
E.g. Electrolysis of molten NaCl

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 What happens when a Zn bar is put in CuSO4 solution?

A spontaneous redox reaction takes

place
Zn(s) + Cu2+ (aq) Zn2+(aq) + Cu (s)

Galvanic cells make use of this spontaneous chemical

reaction by separating the two half reactions from each
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other and allowing electrons to flow through a wire.
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 Galvanic (Voltaic) Cells
A salt bridge U shaped tube
that consists of an Salt bridge is added to complete the circuit, it allows
electrolyte solution , the ions to migrate between the two half cells to
tube is plugged at both maintain electrical neutrality within the half cells so
ends by cotton so that the that the galvanic cell will not stop working.
electrolyte solution will not Anions of the salt bridge move towards the anode.
pour out. Cations of the salt bridge move towards the cathode.

Half cell Half cell

(oxidation) (reduction)
Anode Cathode

• Electrodes are
connected by wire,
circuit is completed
by salt bridge

• Electrons pass from

Each half cell anode to cathode
is composed of spontaneous
a metal rod redox reaction
immersed in a
solution of its
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 Galvanic (Voltaic) Cells
Cell Notation
A common shortened way to represent a galvanic cell:
anode anode solution cathode solution
cathode
 A single vertical line represents a change in phase, such as from solid to solution.
 A double vertical line represents the salt bridge.
Can you write the suitable cell notation
to represent the galvanic cell on the
left?

Zn Zn2+ Cu2+
Cu

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 References

R.Chang, Chemistry, 12th edn., Chapter 4

Zumdahl, Chemistry, 10th edn., chapter 4

Zumdahl, Chemistry, study guide, 10th edn., chapter 4

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