Location via proxy:   [ UP ]  
[Report a bug]   [Manage cookies]                
Scribd
Upload
1 views

Lecture No 14_Introduction to Cancer

Uploaded by

Heer Abbasi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
1 views

Lecture No 14_Introduction to Cancer

Uploaded by

Heer Abbasi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 34

Lecture No 14

Introduction to Cancer
12/21/24

What Is Cancer?
• Cells are programmed undergo only so many times and
then die
 human cells divide about 50 times
• Cancer is a growth disorder of cells
 begins when apparently normal cells grow uncontrollably
 the result is a growing cluster of cells called a tumor
• malignant tumors are invasive
– cells from malignant tumors can metastasize, spreading to different areas
of the body to form new tumors

2
Lung Cancer
Figure 8.9 Lung cancer cells (300X) Figure 8.10 Portrait of a tumor

12/21/24 3
12/21/24

Mutation and Cancer


• Cell division is regulated by proteins called
growth factors
• Cancer is caused by damage to genes the
encode growth factors
 mutation causes damage to genes
• may result from chemical or environmental
exposure, such as UV rays
 viral exposure may also alter DNA

4
12/21/24

Cancer Genetics
• There are two general classes of growth factor
genes that are usually involved in cancer
 proto-oncogenes
• these genes encode proteins that stimulate cell division
• mutations to these genes can cause cells to divide
excessively
– when mutated, these genes become oncogenes
 tumor-suppressor genes
• these genes normally turn off cell division in healthy cells
• when mutated, these genes allow uncontrolled cell
division

5
Cancer is a disease that affects
people of all age groups.
Types of Cancer
Brain cancer

Lung cancer
Lung cancer

Liver cancer Stomach cancer

Stomach cancer Liver cancer

Ovarian cancer Prostate cancer

Skin cancer Skin cancer


1895: “ Discovery of X-rays”
Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen discovered x-rays

1899: “ Treatment of cancer with X-rays”


Age Anton Ultimus treated cancer with x-rays
1946: “ Discovery of Chemotherapy”

Louis Goodman reported use


of nitrogen mustards for the
treatment of lymphosarcomas
Leukemias and Hodgkin’s
disease.
2006: “ First Cancer Vaccine”

FDA approves
Gardasil, a vaccine
that protects against
HPV the human
against cervical
cancer.
What is Cancer?
Large number of
complex diseases.
Behave differently
depending upon cell type
from which it originate.
Cancers develop
because of a
complicated
interaction between
our genes, the
environment and
chance.
Pathways to Cancer
 Starts from a single cell
 Clonal proliferation
 Expansion in steps
 Pre-malignant states
 Dysregulated DNA repair
 Random replication errors
 Hereditary germline mutations in a cancer gene
Cancer cells don’t stop reproducing
Cancer Cells don’t stick together
Cells Grow out of control and
invade erode and destroy normal
tissue.
Self-sufficiency in growth signals

•Autocrine loops
•Over-expression of
receptor
•Receptor is always
‘on’
•Downstream signals

Scaltriti et al, 2006


Genes Responsible for Cancer
• Oncogenes
• Tumor-Suppressor Genes
How is Cancer studied?
Cell lines
Animal models
Computer models
Humans
There are two types of Tumors:

Malignant tumors spread to other areas


in the body.
Benign tumors stay in one place.
Benign vs Malignant Tumors
Benign Malignant
Grow slowly Grow rapidly
Well-defined capsule Not encapsulated
Not invasive Invasive
Well differentiated Poorly differentiated
Low mitotic index High mitotic index
Do not metastasize Can spread distantly
(metastasis)
Neoplasm: mass of abnormal cells called Tumor.
categories based on degree of aggressive growth:
benign: encapsulated, clustered in a single mass, grows locally. Death unusual.
malignant (= cancer): can invade surrounding tissue and generate metastases
breast
Classification & Nomenclature
Benign
– Named according to the tissue from which
they arise, and includes the suffix - “oma”
• Lipoma
• Glioma
• Leiomyoma
• Chondroma
Carcinomas: arise from epithelial cells lining the
external and internal body surfaces. 80% of diagnosed
tumors.

Squamous cell carcinomas arise from epithelial cells


that seal the cavity or channel they line and protect the
underlying cell populations.
(skin, esophagus, cervix…).

Adenocarcinomas arise from specialized cells within


epithelia that secrete substances into the ducts or
cavities that they line. (lung, colon, breast, prostate…).
Figure from press2.nci.nih.gov/
Science behind/cancer/cancer03.htm
Sarcomas: arise from connective tissues or muscle cells:
fibroblasts, adipocytes, osteoblasts, myocytes,
Other types:
endothelial cells. 1% of diagnosed tumors.
Melanomas from pigmented cells of the
skin
Leukemias: derived from immature hematopoietic cells,
move through the circulation as dispersed single cells.
Small cell lung carcinomas are associated
with tobacco use.
Lymphomas: derived from lymphocytes, cells aggregate
as masses in lymph nodes and other tissue sites.
Anaplastic tumors of unknown origin
are de-differentiated, have lost tissue-
Neuroectodermal tumors: derived from cells of the
specific traits of normal precursor cells. 1-
nervous system. 1.3% of diagnosed cancers.
2% of diagnosed cancers.
Tumor

“it is tissue overgrowth that is independent of


the laws governing the remainder of the
body”

“neoplastic (neoplasia- new growth)overgrowth


serves no useful purpose to the organism”
Mutagenesis 30

1. Radiation-induced mutagenesis in which mutations occur as a


result of exposure to radiation (gamma rays, X-rays, or ion beams.)
2. Chemically induced mutagenesis
3. Insertional mutagenesis, a consequence of DNA insertions either
through the genetic transformation and insertion of T-DNA or the
activation of transposable elements (i.e., site-directed mutagenesis;
Table 1)
31
Therapy
• Surgery
• Radiation
• Chemotherapy
• Antibodies
• Small molecules
• Adjunctive
Celebrities with Cancer
THANKS.

ANY QUESTIONS?

You might also like