CSE-4621 (Computer Graphics & Multimedia)

Department of Computer Science and Engineering

DUET, Gazipur-1700

Md. Abu Bakkar Siddique (ABS)

Lecturer, Department of CSE, DUET
Room #7024, New Academic Building
Mobile: +8801944275646 Ext: 3281
Email: absiddique@duet.ac.bd
absduet@gmail.com
 Lecture-04 (Projections)
 Outlines
 Projections Basics
 Types of Projection
 Parallel Projections
 Perspective Projections
 Difference between Parallel and Perspective Projections
 Mathematics on Projection

 Text Books
1. Computer Graphics C Version by Donald Hearn & M Pauline Baker (2 nd Edition)
2. Schaum’s Outlines Computer Graphics by Zhigang Xiang & Roy Plastock

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 Projections Basics
Projection in computer graphics means the transformation of a three-dimensional (3D) area into a two-
dimensional (2D) area. It is the process of converting a 3D object into a 2D object. It is also defined as mapping
or transformation of the object in projection plane or view plane. The view plane is displayed surface.

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 Projections Basics
3D world-coordinate 2D device
Clipped world
output primitives coordinates
coordinates
Transform into
viewport in 2D
Clip Against view Project onto
device
volume projection plane
coordinates for
display
-A projection reduces the dimensionality of a space
-We consider planar geometric project (onto a plane using straight line that all parallel of pass
through a point )
-Composed of two components
-A projection plane
-A set of straight rays called projectors
-The project maps all the points on each ray to the point where that ray intersects the projection
plane
-Two basic classes
-Perspective: The projectors all pass through a point
-Parallel: The projectors are parallel lines
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 Projections Basics

Perspective Parallel
Projection Projection
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 Parallel Projections
Parallel projections have lines of projection that are parallel both in reality and in the
projection plane. Parallel Projection use to display picture in its true shape and size. When
projectors are perpendicular to view plane then is called orthographic projection. The
parallel projection is formed by extending parallel lines from each vertex on the object until
they intersect the plane of the screen. The point of intersection is the projection of vertex.
Parallel projections are used by architects and engineers for creating working drawing of
the object, for complete representations require two or more views of an object using
different planes. Center of projection is in infinite distance.

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 Parallel Projections
For parallel projections, we specify a direction of projection (DOP)
instead of a COP.
There are two types of parallel projections:
Orthographic projection: DOP perpendicular to Projection Plane
Oblique projection: DOP not perpendicular to Projection
Cavalier: All lines perpendicular to the projection plane are projected
with no change in length.
Cabinet: All lines perpendicular to the projection plane are projected
to one half of their length. These give a realistic appearance of object.
Axonometric projection: All axes intersect plane at some angle,
relative distances on axes can be measured with appropriate scale
factor.
Isometric Projection: All projectors make equal angles generally angle
is of 30°.
Dimetric: In these two projectors have equal angles. With respect to
two principle axis.
Trimetric: The direction of projection makes unequal angle with their
principle axis.

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 Parallel Projections
Orthographic projection — DOP perpendicular to Projection
Plane

Oblique projection — DOP not perpendicular to Projection

Plane

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 Parallel Projections

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 Perspective Projections
In perspective projection farther away object from the viewer, small it appears. This property of projection
gives an idea about depth. The artist use perspective projection from drawing three-dimensional scenes.
Two main characteristics of perspective are vanishing points and perspective foreshortening.
Foreshortening: Due to Foreshortening object and lengths appear smaller from the center of projection. More
we increase the distance from the center of projection, smaller will be the object appear.
Vanishing Point: It is the point where all lines will appear to meet. There can be one point, two point, and
three point perspectives.
One Point: There is only one vanishing point as shown in next slide fig (a)
Two Points: There are two vanishing points. One is the x-direction and other in the y –direction
Three Points: There are three vanishing points. One is x second in y and third in two directions.
In Perspective projection lines of projection do not remain parallel. The lines converge at a single point called a
center of projection. The projected image on the screen is obtained by points of intersection of converging
lines with the plane of the screen. The image on the screen is seen as of viewer's eye were located at the
center of projection, lines of projection would correspond to path travel by light beam originating from object.

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 Perspective Projections

1-Point 2-Point 3-Point

Perspective Perspective Perspective

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 Difference between Parallel and Perspective Projections

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 Mathematics on Projection
Assume that, projection plane is normal to z axis, at distance d, and COP is at the origin.
Calculate the projection point.

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 Mathematics on Projection
Assume that, projection plane is normal to z axis, at distance d, and COP is at the origin.
Calculate the projection point.
Multiplying the point [x y z 1]T by the matrix yields the general Mper
homogeneous point [X Y Z W]T

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 Hidden Surface Removal/ Visible
surface Detection
 Hidden surface problem
 Z-Buffer Algorithm
 Painters Algorithm
 Testing whether P obscure Q
 Scan Line Algorithm
 Types of Coherence
 Subdivision Algorithm
 Solved Problem 10.1

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 Any Question?

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 ThankYou All

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