Projection

1. Why do we need projection? Classify it.

Ans: Projections are needed for the following reasons:
To display three-dimensional objects on two-dimensional surfaces.
Allows for the visualization of objects from different viewpoints.
Enables the creation of realistic views by simulating how eyes perceive
depth.
Useful in technical drawings to preserve exact measurements and scale.
Facilitates the understanding of complex shapes and spatial relationships.
Helps in determining visibility and rendering scenes with depth.
Essential for applications in graphics, engineering, architecture, and
gaming.
Projections can be classified into two main categories:
1. Parallel Projection:
• Orthographic Projection
• Oblique Projection
2. Perspective Projection:
• One-point perspective
• Two-point perspective
• Three-point perspective
 3. Find the perspective projection onto the view plane is
XY plane and center of projection is located at d from
XY plane.
Ans:

4. Let A(5, 6, 7) and B(12, 15, 18) be the two ends of a

line. Find its orthographic projection on the XY plane.
Ans:

5. Define vanishing point.

Ans: A vanishing point is a point on the horizon line where all parallel lines appear
to converge when viewed in perspective. In perspective projection, as objects get
farther from the viewer, they appear smaller, and parallel lines seem to meet at
vanishing points on the horizon. There can be one-point, two-point, or three-point
perspectives depending on the number of vanishing points used in the projection.
 6. Why do we use projection? Mention the differences
between parallel and perspective projection.
Ans:
To display three-dimensional objects on two-dimensional surfaces.
Allows for the visualization of objects from different viewpoints.
Enables the creation of realistic views by simulating how eyes perceive depth.
Useful in technical drawings to preserve exact measurements and scale.
Facilitates the understanding of complex shapes and spatial relationships.
Helps in determining visibility and rendering scenes with depth.
Essential for applications in graphics, engineering, architecture, and gaming.

Differences between parallel and perspective projection:

Parallel Projection Perspective Projection

Lines of projection are parallel to Lines of projection converge to a single

each other point (center of projection)

Preserves relative proportions and Does not preserve proportions but

true shape of objects produces more realistic views

Used mainly in engineering and Used mainly for artistic and realistic
architectural drawings scene rendering

Center of projection is at infinity Center of projection is at finite distance

 7. Define and classify projection.
• Ans: Projection is the process of transforming the coordinates of points in a
three-dimensional space onto a two-dimensional plane.
Classification of Projections:
• Parallel Projection: Objects are projected onto the drawing surface along
lines parallel to each other. This includes:
o Orthographic Projection: Projection lines are perpendicular to the
viewing plane, preserving the original sizes and shapes of the object's
features.
▪ Top view
▪ Front view
▪ Side view
▪ Axonometric
o Isometric
o Dimetric
o Trimetric
o Oblique Projection: Projection lines are not perpendicular to the
viewing plane, which can give a more pictorial view of the object.
▪ Cabinet
▪ Cavalier
• Perspective Projection: Objects are projected onto the drawing surface
along lines that converge at a single point, the eye or view point. This gives
a more realistic representation with depth, as objects appear smaller as they
are farther from the viewer.
• Three types based on number of vanishing points:
o One-point perspective: View plane cuts only z-axis
o Two-point perspective: View plane cuts x and z axes
o Three-point perspective: View plane cuts x, y, and z axes
 8. Why do we need projection?
Ans:
To display three-dimensional objects on two-dimensional surfaces.
Allows for the visualization of objects from different viewpoints.
Enables the creation of realistic views by simulating how eyes perceive depth.
Useful in technical drawings to preserve exact measurements and scale.
Facilitates the understanding of complex shapes and spatial relationships.
Helps in determining visibility and rendering scenes with depth.
Essential for applications in graphics, engineering, architecture, and gaming.

9. Write some application of projection.

Ans:
Applications of projection:
Engineering Design: Utilized in CAD systems for designing mechanical
components, structures, and buildings, ensuring precise and scalable drawings.
Medical Imaging: Critical in medical fields, projections are used in CT scans
and MRI to visualize cross-sectional views of the human body, aiding in
diagnostics and treatment planning.
Computer Animation: Facilitates the creation of lifelike animations by
projecting complex three-dimensional scenes onto two-dimensional displays,
enhancing realism in films and videos.
Architectural Planning: Supports architects in visualizing, designing, and
presenting different aspects of building designs through various projection
techniques to better convey depth and spatial relationships.
Scientific Visualization: Empowers scientists to analyze and interpret complex
three-dimensional data structures by projecting them onto two-dimensional screens
for better comprehension and insight.
Computer Games: Enables the development of immersive three-dimensional
gaming environments on two-dimensional screens, enhancing player engagement
and experience.
Manufacturing: Used in computer-aided manufacturing processes to plan,
visualize, and execute production workflows, improving efficiency and accuracy in
manufacturing operations.
Technical Drawing: Essential for maintaining accurate dimensions and
geometrical relationships in industrial and technical drawings, ensuring that
designs are correctly interpreted and applied.

10. Why projection is necessary 3D object? Classify

it.
Ans: Projection is necessary for:
Visual Understanding: Enables visualization of three-dimensional structures
on two-dimensional media.
 Design and Analysis: Facilitates detailed planning and analysis in engineering
and architecture.
Communication: Essential for conveying complex 3D forms through simpler
2D images in presentations and documentation.
Realism: Provides a realistic representation of how objects appear in space,
aiding in visual effects and game design.
Dimensional Accuracy: Ensures accurate dimensions and angles are
maintained in technical drawings for manufacturing.
Educational Tool: Helps in teaching concepts of geometry and physics by
illustrating three-dimensional forms on 2D surfaces.
Medical Imaging: Crucial in medical imaging technologies like CT and MRI
for depicting the human body internally on flat screens.

Classification of Projections:
• Parallel Projection: Objects are projected onto the drawing surface along
lines parallel to each other. This includes:
o Orthographic Projection: Projection lines are perpendicular to the
viewing plane, preserving the original sizes and shapes of the object's
features.
o Oblique Projection: Projection lines are not perpendicular to the
viewing plane, which can give a more pictorial view of the object.
• Perspective Projection: Objects are projected onto the drawing surface
along lines that converge at a single point, the eye or view point. This gives
a more realistic representation with depth, as objects appear smaller as they
are farther from the viewer.
• Three types based on number of vanishing points:
o One-point perspective: View plane cuts only z-axis
o Two-point perspective: View plane cuts x and z axes
o Three-point perspective: View plane cuts x, y, and z axes
 11. Classify parallel projection with proper diagram.
Ans:
Classification of Parallel Projection:
• Orthographic Projection: This type projects points perpendicular to the
viewing plane. It is commonly used for technical drawings where accurate
measurements are required.
• Types:
o Front Elevation: View from the front.
o Top Elevation: View from the top.
o Side Elevation: View from the side.
• Oblique Projection: This type projects points along lines that are not
perpendicular to the viewing plane, offering a more pictorial view of the
object.
• Types:
o Cavalier Projection:
▪ The projection direction makes a 45° angle with the projection plane.
▪ No foreshortening occurs, causing an exaggeration of the z-axis.
o Cabinet Projection:
▪ The projection direction makes a 63.4° angle with the projection plane.
▪ Foreshortening occurs along the z-axis, making the view more realistic.
 12. Describe parallel and orthographic projections.
Ans: Parallel Projection:
In parallel projection, 3D object coordinates are transformed to a 2D view plane
along parallel lines. This means the projection lines don't converge. It preserves
relative proportions, making it useful for scale drawings. There are two main types:
orthographic and oblique.
• Two principal types:
• Orthographic: direction of projection is normal (perpendicular) to the
projection plane
• Oblique: direction of projection is not normal to the projection plane

Orthographic Projection:
Orthographic projection is a type of parallel projection where the projection
direction is perpendicular (normal) to the view plane. Common examples include
front, side, and top elevations. It's useful in engineering and architecture because
lengths and angles are accurately depicted and can be measured.
• Commonly used views include:
• Front elevation
• Top elevation
• Side elevation

13. Find the transformation matrix for oblique

projection.
Ans: Oblique projection is obtained by projecting points along parallel lines that
are not perpendicular to the projection plane.
Here,
α = Angles between projection plane and line joining the projection point from the
original point.
φ = Angles between horizontal and the line joining (Xp, Yp) and (x, y)
L = Length of the line joining the (Xp, Yp) and (x, y)
Projection coordinates can be expressed as follows:
Xp = x + L cos φ
Yp = y + L sin φ
Zp = 0
The value of L depends upon the z-coordinate of the point to be projected as
follows:
tan α = z/L
=> L = z/ tan α
=> L = zL1, where L1 = 1/ tan α
The value of the projection coordinates will be
Xp = x + zL1 cos φ
Yp = y + zL1 sin φ
The matrix can be represented as follows:

tan α = ∞, i.e., α = 90, the projection is orthographic.

tan α = 1, i.e., α = 45, the projection is cavalier.
tan α = 2, i.e., α = 63.4, the projection is cabinet.
 14. Find the transformation matrix for orthographic
projection.
Ans: Let the view plane be placed at position in the xy plane as shown in the
following figure. Any point P(x, y, z) in viewing co-ordinate is transformed into
projection coordinates as
Xp = x,
Yp = y,

Zp = 0.
Now transformed can be represented in matrix form as:

15. Describe perspective projection.

Ans: Perspective Projection:
Perspective projection transforms 3D object positions to a 2D view plane along
lines that converge at a point called the center of projection. It simulates human
vision by foreshortening objects as they move further away, making distant objects
appear smaller. Parallel lines not parallel to the projection plane converge at
vanishing points.

16. Why projection play an important role in

computer graphics?
Ans:
• Converts 3D objects to 2D space since display devices (screens) are 2D
• Maps 3D objects onto a 2D viewing plane to create viewable 2D images
• Provides realistic views similar to human visual system
• Allows viewing 3D objects from different angles and perspectives
• Helps create mental images of 3D objects through 2D representations
• Essential for engineering drawings and architectural designs
• Used in advertising and presentation graphics
• Important for animation and gaming applications
• Required for technical documentation requiring precise measurements

17. Explain perspective anomalies.

Ans: Perspective projection has two key anomalies:
1. Perspective Foreshortening:
 • Size of objects varies inversely with distance from the center of
projection
• Objects appear smaller as they get farther from the viewer
• Only angles parallel to the projection plane remain intact/undistorted
2. Convergence of Parallel Lines:
• Parallel lines not parallel to the projection plane converge at vanishing
points
• There can be up to 3 principal vanishing points, corresponding to the
three coordinate axes
• This creates the visual effect of objects appearing to diminish in size
with distance