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Projection Methods by Engr. Muhammad Arsalan Khan

The document discusses different methods of technical drawing projection. It explains that projection involves representing 3D objects in 2D by using a line of sight and plane of projection. The main projection methods covered are orthographic, isometric, perspective, and oblique. Orthographic projection shows objects in multi-views for accuracy, while isometric and perspective introduce distortions but are easier to understand. The document compares advantages and disadvantages of different projection methods.

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37 views

Projection Methods by Engr. Muhammad Arsalan Khan

The document discusses different methods of technical drawing projection. It explains that projection involves representing 3D objects in 2D by using a line of sight and plane of projection. The main projection methods covered are orthographic, isometric, perspective, and oblique. Orthographic projection shows objects in multi-views for accuracy, while isometric and perspective introduce distortions but are easier to understand. The document compares advantages and disadvantages of different projection methods.

Uploaded by

IM Lucifer
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lecture 5

Projection Methods
By
Engr. Muhammad Arsalan Khan
PROJECTION THEORY
• In engineering, 3-dimensonal objects and
structures are represented graphically on a 2-
dimensional media (paper, screen).
• The act of obtaining the image of an object is
termed “projection”. The image obtained by
projection is known as a “view”.
PROJECTION THEORY
The projection theory is based on two variables:

1) Line of sight
2) Plane of projection (image plane or picture plane)
Line of sight is an imaginary ray of light between an
observer’s eye and an object.

There are 2 types of LOS : parallel and converge

Parallel projection Perspective projection

Line of sight
Line of sight
Plane of projection is an imaginary flat plane on which
the image is created.

The image is produced by connecting the points where


the LOS pierce the projection plane.

Parallel projection Perspective projection

Plane of projection Plane of projection


Disadvantage of
Perspective Projection
Perspective projection is not
used by professional designers
for manufacturing of parts,
because

1) It is difficult to create.
2) It does not reveal exact
Width is distorted
shape and size.
Methods of Projection
In Engg. Drawing four most common methods of projection
(Based on LOS and POP) used are:
1.Orthographic
2.Oblique
3.Isometric
4.Perspective
Methods of Projection
Orthographic Projection
• Dedicated Lecture.
Isometric Projection
• An isometric projection shows the object from
angles in which the scales along each axis of the
object are equal.
• Isometric projection corresponds to rotation of
the object by ± 45° about the vertical axis,
followed by rotation of approximately ± 35.264°
about the horizontal axis starting from an
orthographic projection view.
Perspective Projection:
• Perspective is an approximate representation on
a flat surface, of an image as it is perceived by the
eye. The two most characteristic features of
perspective are that objects are drawn:
• Smaller as their distance from the observer
increases
• Foreshortened: the size of an object's dimensions
along the line of sight are relatively shorter than
dimensions across the line of sight.
Oblique Projection
• Oblique projection is a type of parallel projection:

• it projects an image by intersecting parallel rays


(projectors) from the three-dimensional source
object with the drawing surface (projection plane)
ORTHOGRAPHIC VIEW
Orthographic view depends on relative position of the object
to the line of sight.
Rotate

Two dimensions of an
object is shown. Tilt
More than one view is needed
to represent the object.

Multiview drawing

Three dimensions of an object is shown.

Axonometric drawing
Isometric Drawing
Advantage Easy to understand

Disadvantage Shape and angle distortion

Example Distortions of shape and size in isometric drawing

Circular hole
becomes ellipse.

Right angle becomes obtuse angle.


Multiview Drawing
Advantage It represents accurate shape and size.

Disadvantage Require practice in writing and reading.

Example Multiviews drawing (2-view drawing)

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