Sampling Design
Uploaded by
Meredith ChelseaSampling Design
Uploaded by
Meredith ChelseaSampling Design
Presented by
Ms. R. Meredith Chelsea
Assistant Professor
PG & Research Department of International
Business
SRCAS
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Sampling Design
Sampling may be defined as the selection of same part of
aggregate or totality on the basis of which a judgments or
inference about the aggregate or totality is made. It is the process
of obtaining information about an entire population by examining
only a part of it.
Sampling theory is a study of relationships existing between a
population and sample drawn from the population. Sampling
theory is applicable only to random samples. The main problem of
sampling theory is the problem of relationship between parameter
and statistics .
Objective of Sampling theory:
• Statistical estimation : Unknown population
• Testing of hypothesis, Statistical inference
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Sample size & its determination:
• Nature of universe
• Number of classes proposed
• Nature of study
• Type of sampling
• Standard of accuracy & acceptance confidence level
• Availability of finance
• Other considerations-Nature of units, size of population, size of questionnaire,
availability of trained investigator
• Two approaches:
To specify the precision of estimation desired & then to determine the sample size necessary
to insure it.
Use Bayesian statistics to weight the cost of additional information against that expected
value of additional information.
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Need of samples:
Sampling can save time and money
Sampling may enable more accurate measurements for sample study
conducted by trained& experienced investigator
Sample is used when population contains infinitely many members
Sampling is only used when a test involves the destruction of the item
under study.
Criteria of selecting sampling procedure :
Inappropriate sampling frame – biased
Defective measuring devices , Non respondents
Indeterminancy principle- Individual act differently when kept under
observation than what they do when kept in non-observed situations.
Natural bias in reporting the data – sampling errors.
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Sampling Design
All items in any field of enquiry constitute a Universe or population.
A complete enumeration of all items in the population is known as a
census inquiry. This inquiry involves a great deal of time, money &
energy. When the field of inquiry is large, this method becomes
difficult to adopt because of the sources involved.
- Sample - The selected respondent
- Sampling technique - Selection process
- Sample survey - The survey so conducted
Implications of a sample design :
A sample design is a definite plan for obtaining a sample from a given
population. It refers to the technique or the procedure the researcher
would adopt. In selecting items for sample, the no. of items to be
involved in the sample i.e. the size of sample.
Sample design is determined before data are collected.
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Steps in sample design :
Types of universe : Finite & Infinite
Sampling unit: It may be a geographical one such as state, district, Village
Source list: Sampling frame- It contains the name of all items of a universe
Size of sample: It should be optimum & which is fulfills the requirements of efficiency,
representative ness, reliability& flexibility with budgetary constraints
Sampling design: A sample design is a definite plan for obtaining a sample from
sampling frame.
Statistics & Parameters – Statistic is a characteristic of a sample and parameter is a
characteristic of a population/
Budgetary constraints – cost consideration
Sampling procedure – type of sample
Sampling errors: Inaccuracy is the information collected may be termed as sampling
errors . Sampling errors are those errors which arise on account of sampling.
Sampling error = frame error + chance error + response error
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Characteristics of a good sample design :
Sample design must result in a truly representation of sample.
Sample design must be such which results in a small sampling error.
Sample design must be viable in the context of funds available for the
research study.
Sample design must be such so that systematic bias can be controlled in a
better way.
Sample design must be such that the results of the sample study can be
applied, in general, for the universe with a reasonable level of confidence.
Types of Sample designs:
Elements of selection Probability sampling Non probability Sampling
1. Unrestricted Sampling : S. R. S. Haphazard or
convenience
2. Restricted Sampling : Complex random Purposive sampling
such as Cluster, such as Quota,
Systematic, Stratified judgment
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etc.
etc.
