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Module 1.2

The document outlines the evolution and types of operating systems, including batch, interactive, multiprogramming, time-sharing, real-time, multiprocessor, and distributed systems. It discusses the features and characteristics of each type, along with their advantages and applications. Additionally, it provides course learning objectives and recommended textbooks for further study on operating systems.

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akanshi281282
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
3 views

Module 1.2

The document outlines the evolution and types of operating systems, including batch, interactive, multiprogramming, time-sharing, real-time, multiprocessor, and distributed systems. It discusses the features and characteristics of each type, along with their advantages and applications. Additionally, it provides course learning objectives and recommended textbooks for further study on operating systems.

Uploaded by

akanshi281282
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Amity School of Engineering

ASET
&
Technology

OPERATING SYSTEMS

Module I: Introduction to Operating


Systems
Evolution of Operating System
ASET

Course Learning Objectives:

• understand the evolution of operating


system and difference between them
Topics To be Covered ASET

• Evolution of operating system


– Batch
– Interactive
– Multiprogramming
– Time Sharing
– Real Time System
– Multiprocessor system
– Distributed system

3
Simple Batch Systems ASET

• Hire an operator
• User  operator
• Add a card reader
• Reduce setup time by batching similar jobs
• Automatic job sequencing – automatically transfers control
from one job to another. First rudimentary operating
system.
• Resident monitor
– initial control in monitor
– control transfers to job
– when job completes control transfers back to monitor
Memory Layout for a Simple Batch
ASET

System
Control Cards (Cont.) ASET

• Parts of resident monitor


– Control card interpreter – responsible for reading and
carrying out instructions on the cards.
– Loader – loads systems programs and applications programs
into memory.
– Device drivers – know special characteristics and properties
for each of the system’s I/O devices.
• Problem: Slow Performance – I/O and CPU could not overlap ;
card reader very slow.
• Solution: Off-line operation – speed up computation by loading
jobs into memory from tapes and card reading and line printing
done off-line.
Multiprogrammed Batch Systems ASET

Several jobs are kept in main memory at the same time, and the
CPU is multiplexed among them.
OS Features Needed for Multiprogramming
ASET

• I/O routine supplied by the system.


• Memory management – the system must allocate the
memory to several jobs.
• CPU scheduling – the system must choose among
several jobs ready to run.
• Allocation of devices.
Time-Sharing Systems–Interactive Computing
ASET

• The CPU is multiplexed among several jobs that are


kept in memory and on disk (the CPU is allocated to
a job only if the job is in memory).
• A job is swapped in and out of memory to the disk.
• On-line communication between the user and the
system is provided; when the operating system
finishes the execution of one command, it seeks the
next “control statement” not from a card reader, but
rather from the user’s keyboard.
• On-line system must be available for users to
access data and code.
Personal-Computer Systems ASET

• Personal computers – computer system


dedicated to a single user.
• I/O devices – keyboards, mice, display
screens, small printers.
• User convenience and responsiveness.
• Can adopt technology developed for larger
operating system’ often individuals have sole
use of computer and do not need advanced
CPU utilization of protection features.
Parallel Systems ASET

• Multiprocessor systems with more than one CPU in


close communication.
• Tightly coupled system – processors share memory and
a clock; communication usually takes place through the
shared memory.
• Advantages of parallel system:
– Increased throughput
– Economical
– Increased reliability
• graceful degradation
• fail-soft systems
Parallel Systems (Cont.) ASET

• Symmetric multiprocessing (SMP)


– No Master Slave Relationship
– Many processes can run at once without
performance deterioration.
– Most modern operating systems support SMP
• Asymmetric multiprocessing
– Each processor is assigned a specific task; master
processor schedules and allocates work to slave
processors.
– More common in extremely large systems
Symmetric Multiprocessing ASET

Architecture
Real-Time Systems ASET

• Often used as a control device in a dedicated application such as


controlling scientific experiments, medical imaging systems, industrial
control systems, and some display systems.
• Well-defined fixed-time constraints.
• Hard real-time system.
– Secondary storage limited or absent, data stored in short-term
memory, or read-only memory (ROM)
– Conflicts with time-sharing systems, not supported by general-
purpose operating systems.
• Soft real-time system
– Limited utility in industrial control or robotics
– Useful in applications (multimedia, virtual reality) requiring advanced
operating-system features.
Distributed Systems ASET

• Distribute the computation among several physical


processors.
• Loosely coupled system – each processor has its own
local memory; processors communicate with one
another through various communications lines, such as
high-speed buses or telephone lines.
• Advantages of distributed systems.
– Resources Sharing
– Computation speed up – load sharing
– Reliability
– Communications
Distributed Systems (Cont.) ASET

• Network Operating System


– provides file sharing
– provides communication scheme
– runs independently from other computers on
the network
• Distributed Operating System
– less autonomy between computers
– gives the impression there is a single
operating system controlling the network.
ASET

Course Learning Outcomes:

• learn basic concepts and responsibilities


of operating system
• Analyze and evaluate various I/O
component of computing system
ASET

Operating System

Text Book

•Operating System Concepts : Silberschatz, Abraham and Galvin, Peter


B. and Gagne, Greg , Wiley Publisher

Reference Book
• Operating system: William Stalling , Pearson Education
Reference ASET

• Operating System Concepts :


Silberschatz, Abraham and Galvin, Peter
B. and Gagne, Greg , Wiley Publisher

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