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Logic-Chapter-4-Immediate-Inference

The document discusses concepts of judgment and proposition, detailing the properties of categorical propositions and the process of immediate inference. It explains the square of opposition, including types of opposition (contradictory, contrary, subcontrary, and subaltern) and methods of eduction (conversion, obversion, contraposition, and inversion). Additionally, it includes activities for practicing these concepts.

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Shelina Obnimaga
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6 views

Logic-Chapter-4-Immediate-Inference

The document discusses concepts of judgment and proposition, detailing the properties of categorical propositions and the process of immediate inference. It explains the square of opposition, including types of opposition (contradictory, contrary, subcontrary, and subaltern) and methods of eduction (conversion, obversion, contraposition, and inversion). Additionally, it includes activities for practicing these concepts.

Uploaded by

Shelina Obnimaga
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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REVIEW:

Chapter 3: Judgment and Proposition


 What is Judgment?
 What is Proposition?
 How do we know if the judgment is true or false?
 Truth and error are in the possibility of the Mind.

 Properties of Categorical Proposition:


1) Quantity of Proposition (Universal, Particular, Singular)
2) Quality of Proposition (Affirmative and Negative)

 Reduction of Categorical Proposition


 Universal/Singular Affirmative A = All S are P
 Universal/Singular Negative E = No S are P
 Particular Affirmative I = Some S are P
 Particular Negative O = Some S are not P
CHAPTER 4: IMMEDIATE INFERENCE

Immediate Inference – is a process of reasoning whereby the mind passes


from one proposition to a new proposition. There are two types of immediate
inferences, namely; square of opposition and eduction.

A. Square of Opposition
Two propositions can be opposed in a number of ways like the following:
1. Every dog is an animal. (A) – No dog is an animal. (E)
2. Every dog is an animal. (A) – Some dog is not an animal. (O)
3. Every dog is an animal. (A) – Some dog is an animal. (I)
4. No dog is an animal. (E) – Some dog is an animal. (I)
5. No dog is an animal. (E) – Some dog is not an animal. (O)
6. Some dog is an animal. (I) – Some dog is not an animal. (O)

A–O (contradictory)
E–I (contradictory)
A–E (contrary)
I–O (subcontrary)
A–I (sunaltern)
E–O (subaltern)
A. SQUARE OF OPPOSITION

1) Contradictory Opposition – consists of two propositions that are opposed in


quantity and in quality. The two opposed propositions cannot be both true at the
same time.

Example: A – O: Every dog is an animal E – I: Some dog is not an animal.

a) If one of the pair of propositions is true, the other is false.


b) If one of the pair of propositions is false, the other is true.

2.) Contrary Opposition – This opposition consists of two propositions having


the same quantity but opposite in quality. The opposed propositions are universal but
one is affirmative and the other, negative. They are A – E propositions and vice versa.

The two rules imply that both opposed propositions can never be true at the same
time.
c) If one of the opposed propositions is true, the other is false.
d) If one of the opposed propositions is false, the other is undetermined or doubtful.

Example: “Every dog is an animal.” (A) - “No dog is an animal.” (E)


A. SQUARE OF OPPOSITION

3.) Subcontrary Opposition – consists of two opposite propositions having the


same quantity (particular) but different in quality. Is only applied to I – O.

Example: “Some dog is an animal.” (I) - “Some dog is not an animal.” (O)

a) If one of the opposed propositions is false, the other side is true.


b) If one of the opposed propositions is true, the other side is undetermined.

4.) Subalterns – are pair of propositions that are of the same quality. They are
either affirmative (A-I) or negative (E-O). Strictly speaking, not real opposites. Both of
them can be true and both of them can be false at the same time. In short, they have
the same quality but they differ only in quantity.

c) The falsity of the particular implies the falsity of the universal but not vice versa.
d) The truth of the universal implies the truth of the particular but not vice versa.
B. EDUCTION

1.) Conversion – formulation of a new proposition by interchanging the subject


with the predicate of the original proposition without changing its quality.

Example: Convertend: All men are not females. (E)


Converse: All females are not men. (E)

2.) Obversion – process of reformulating a new proposition by maintaining the


subject of the proposition but changing its quality and then replacing the predicate with
its contradictory.

Examples: EVERY APPLE IS A PLANT.


Every apple is not a plant.
All apple is non-plant.
B. EDUCTION

3.) Contraposition – formulation of a new proposition by undergoing the process


of obversion and conversion. The original proposition is called “contraponend”, the
newly formed proposition,”contraposit”, and the process is “contaposition.”

The following can be contraposed: A to A, E to O, O to O.

A to A: EVERY CREATURE IS FINITE. (contraposed)


(obvert) No creature is non-finite.
(convert) No non-finite is creature.
(obvert) Every non-finite is non-creature.

E to O: NO CAT IS A TREE. (contraponend)


(obvert) Every cat is non-tree.
(covert) Some non-tree is a cat.
(obvert) Some non-tree is not a non-cat.

O to O: SOME CITIZENS ARE NOT A VOTER. (contraponen)


(obvert) Some citizens are a non-voter.
(convert) Some non-voters are citizens.
(obvert) Some non-voters are not non-citizens.
B. EDUCTION

4.) Inversion – (Partial or Complete)

a) Rule of Partial Inversion: AO, EI


Examples:
All Filipinos are brown.
Therefore, some non-Filipinos are not brown.

No seals are reptiles.


Therefore, some non-seals are reptiles.
b.) Rule of Complete Inversion: AI, EO
Examples:
All Filipinos are brown.
Therefore, some non-Filipinos are non-brown.

No seals are reptiles.


Therefore, some non-reptiles are not non-reptiles.
Activity 1: CHANGE ME! ½ crosswise (3 points each)

A. Simply convert the following propositions (E-E)

1. No man is a woman. (E)


__________________________. (E)
2. All narra trees are not pine trees. (E)
_____________________________. (E)

B. Use obversion in this proposition (A)

3. EVERY MAN IS A MORTAL.


__________________________.
__________________________.

C. Apply the rule of Partial Inversion AO, EI.

4. All cows are animals. (A)


Therefore, _____________________. (O)

5. No Americans are Asians. (E)


Therefore, _______________________. (I)
Activity 1: CHANGE ME! ½ crosswise (3 points each)
ANSWER KEY
A. Simply convert the following propositions (E-E)

1. No man is a woman. (E)


No woman is a man. (E)
2. All narra trees are not pine trees. (E)
All pine trees are not narra trees. (E)

B. Use obversion in this proposition (A)

3. EVERY MAN IS A MORTAL.


Every man is not a mortal.
All man is non-mortal.

C. Apply the rule of Partial Inversion AO, EI.

4. All cows are animals. (A)


Therefore, some non-cows are not animals. (O)

5. No Americans are Asians. (E)


Therefore, some non-Americans are Asians. (I)
THAT’S ALL FOR TODAY

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